compared to selected imports, Canadian
oil sands crudes range from 9 % to 19 % more emission - intensive than Middle Eastern Sour, 5 % to 13 % more emission - intensive than Mexican Maya, and 2 % to 18 % more emission - intensive than various Venezuelan crudes, on a Well - to - Wheel basis;
An analysis of the US refining sector, based on linear programming (LP) modeling, finds that refining plausibly high volumes of Canadian
oil sands crudes in US refineries in 2025 would lead to a modest increase in refinery CO2 emissions (
ranging between 5.4 % to 9.3 %) from a 2010 baseline, depending upon... Read more →