But in 2013, ultramodern DNA extraction and sequencing techniques enabled researchers to access ancient genetic codes and translate their evolutionary tales: Researchers in Denmark reconstructed a record - breaking 700,000 - year -
old horse genome, and geneticists in Germany began parsing the DNA of 400,000 - year - old hominids.
Not exact matches
And since the cost of
genome sequencing has plummeted to one - thousandth of its initial cost, it's clear that the Neanderthal, a 700,000 - year -
old horse and the woolly mammoth will simply be the first of many ancient
genomes to be sequenced.
It is the latest in a series of breakthroughs in ancient DNA, coming just months after the sequencing of the
oldest - ever
genome, from a 700,000 - year -
old horse.
Subsequent genetic studies have supported the NCC deficit hypothesis, most recently an April report in Science on the sequencing of 14 ancient
horse genomes up to 4,100 years
old; that's close to the estimated dawn of domesticated
horses some 5,500 years ago.
New techniques and very
old bones overcome the limits of
genome sequencing for prehistoric
horses, ancient cave bears, and even our own early ancestors.
Using what's called true single molecule sequencing, Orlando lit up the A's, C's, T's and G's, one by one, to assemble the
horse's
genome — six times
older than any nuclear DNA specimen ever sequenced.
The researchers also sequenced the
genome of one 4,100 year -
old mare from Chelyabinsk, Russia, belonging to the earlier Sintashta culture, which developed the first two - wheeled chariots drawn by
horses.
Researchers have also delved into the
genomes of ancient animals — the
oldest so far is a 700,000 - year -
old horse.
In 2013, Ludovic Orlando and his team succeeded in decoding the
genome of a ~ 700,000 year -
old horse, which represents the
oldest genome sequenced to date.
Scientists have sequenced the
oldest genome to date — and shaken up the
horse family tree in the process.
The
oldest genome yet sequenced came from a
horse's foot bone dating to between 780,000 and 560,000 years ago that was excavated in Canada's Yukon.
Using a combination of next - gen sequencing and a third - generation, single - molecule sequencer from Helicos Biosciences that can sequence DNA directly without the need for an amplification step, his group sequenced the 700,000 - year -
old horse DNA that still holds the record as the
oldest genome yet sequenced.4 «This type of technology will be the future,» he says.