I am particularly interested in the role of the oceans in climate variability
on time scales of years to decades.
As extremes affect every aspect of our society, decision - and policy makers, and stakeholders are increasingly asking for reliable predictions of extremes
on time scales from days to seasons and centuries.
The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides
variability on time scales from years to centuries.
It is also a classic demonstration of the need for ensemble prediction
systems on all time scales in order to sample the range of possible outcomes that even the real world could produce.
«filtered to remove
variations on time scales less than 20 years» in the caption — is this a 20 year moving average or weighted moving average?
Unfortunately, the climate records are full of evidence that the perfect balance is seldom achieved, certainly
not on the time scale of the lifetime of a civilization.
This question is addressed for suggested solar forcing mechanisms
operating on time scales from billions of years to decades.
You have to keep current, because practices and priorities change —
on time scales much shorter than 40 years, especially with the donor sources that are in the private sector.
Not surprisingly, these principles go beyond simply informing people of which choices have greatest
effect on that time scale.
If current coal reserves are
burned on a time scale short compared to time scales for carbon storage, then CO2 concentrations will go over 400 ppm rather easily.
The average temperature, and all other details of the climate system, will vary substantially depending
on the time scale used.
Yes we have thousands of transition fossils, and evolution is continuing today, it is
simply on a time scale that you can't observe.
They subsequently
contract on a time scale of tens of millions of years, the main source of radiant energy in this phase being the release of gravitational energy.
Decision - and policy - makers and stakeholders are increasingly asking for reliable predictions of
extremes on time scales from days to seasons to centuries.
Climate models are being subjected to more comprehensive tests, including, for example, evaluations of
forecasts on time scales from days to a year.
Not to mention a vastly greater set of energy sources — indeed, a limitless set of energy
sources on any time scale that's meaningful to human civilization.
I'm simply saying it doesn't dominate the global temperature
record on time scales of longer than 10 years from all current indications.
Three of the four climate models used produce increasing damage with time, with the global warming signal
emerging on time scales of 40, 113, and 170 yr, respectively.