The overall level of consistency between attribution results derived from different models (as shown in Figure 9.9), and the ability of climate models to simulate large - scale temperature changes during the 20th century (Figures 9.5 and 9.6), indicate that such model differences are likely to have a relatively small impact
on attribution results of large - scale temperature change at the surface.
Not exact matches
However, the dramatic difference from Rensch's determinism
results only when this
attribution is combined with the different view
on whole - part relations discussed above.
Atmospheric heatwaves can have significant impacts
on human health31 and
attribution studies have shown that these events, and atmospheric heatwaves in general, have become much more likely as a
result of anthropogenic warming32.
But customers trust Amazon to provide objective opinions about a product or a brand... we will work hard to show that there is some
attribution to that level of investment that drives business
results, even if it doesn't happen
on Amazon,» Dallaire said
I have no desire to have a «blog debate» but rather I am making the point that hurried «interpretations» of
results aren't generally very accurate and that people can be in too much of a hurry to jump to conclusions about the IPCC,
attribution, impacts
on policy etc..
I understand the spirit of the detection and
attribution work, which, in theory allows us to project the current trends based
on their demonstrated cause using model
results.
If neither of these
results is justified, a policy based
on attribution claims (and [fear]-RRB- runs the risk of being ill advised, ineffective, and disingenuous.
Scientists do have better things to do with their time than answer questions raised
on climate skeptic blogs, and as a
result, you will only generally be assured of a climate change paper taking a stance
on the cause of the change if the subject of the paper is an
attribution study.
Graeme Stephens is not an expert
on attribution, hence he doesn't want to deal with implications of his
results on attribution
On the
attribution question, the
results of Gillett et al. are consistent with the many other
attribution studies we've looked at (i.e. Lean and Rind 2008, Huber and Knutti 2011, and Foster and Rahmstorf 2011)- namely that humans have been the dominant cause of the global warming over the past 25 - 150 years (Figure 1).
In this respect, our study of the detection /
attribution problem is carried out
on a conceptual basis and therefore we avoid proposing categorical
results.
Inasmuch as essentially all of the IPCC claims of AGW
attribution, the projections of future climate changes and the
resulting recommendations to policymakers are based
on GCM simulations, this is a fairly damning conclusion that will not make many modelers (and certainly not IPCC) happy.
Sceptics» work has directly and indirectly
resulted in more reflection, by scientists, within and without the IPCC process
on issues such as detection and
attribution, and estimation of impacts.
Trenberth also focused
on climate
attribution studies which claim the lack of a human component, and suggested that the assumptions distort
results in the direction of finding no human influence,
resulting in misleading statements about the causes of climate change that can serve to grossly underestimate the role of humans in climate events.
Detection and
attribution results based
on several models or several forcing histories suggest that the
attribution of a human influence
on temperature change during the latter half of the 20th century is a robust
result.
From the IPCC AR4: «Detection and
attribution results based
on several models or several forcing histories do provide information
on the effects of model and forcing uncertainty.
Analysis suggested that the strongest effects
on later delinquent behavior were found
on two traits: consistency of discipline and anger
resulting from hostile
attributions for others» behavior.
The
results revealed that (1) for females and males, higher levels of depressive symptoms correlated with a more depressive attributional style; (2) females and males who met diagnostic criteria for a current depressive disorder evidenced more depres - sogenic
attributions than psychiatric controls, and never and past depressed adolescents; (3) although no sex differences in terms of attributional patterns for positive events, negative events, or for positive and negative events combined emerged, sex differences were revealed
on a number of dimensional scores; (4) across the Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ) subscale and dimensional scores, the relation between
attributions and current self - reported depressive symptoms was stronger for females than males; and (5) no Sex × Diagnostic Group Status interaction effects emerged for CASQ subscale or dimensional scores.
The
results of this study indicate peer victimization does not lead to aggression, but the interpretation of events such as hostility
attribution and cognitive, psychologic variable such as their personal peer rejection sensitivity have greater effect
on aggression.