At TSI over the past year and at the TSI Blog two months ago I've made the point that the Fed gave itself the ability to pay interest
on bank reserves so that the Fed Funds Rate (FFR) could be raised without the need to shrink bank reserves and the economy - wide money supply.
Not exact matches
It has done this by offering attractive interest rates
on banks»
reserves held at the Fed,
so the
banks keep their excess funds there instead of lend them out to borrowers in the economy.
For one,
banks get zero interest
on required
reserves — the assets they must keep
on hand to meet depository obligations —
so no issue there.
Because the stock of
reserves is
so high, central
banks pay «interest
on reserves» (IOR) to influence market interest rates.
It has done
so by introducing three distinct interest rates
on reserves: required
reserves — which
banks must hold — these are paid zero, and are relatively small in quantity; existing
reserves — these are now paid 10bps; and a new third tier — a «policy balance» which will be paid minus 10bps.
So there's a conflict between the «owed or obligated» language in the press release, which would prohibit basically any bitcoin leverage, and the «custody or control of Virtual Currency
on behalf of another Person,» which would allow leverage — but still not fractional -
reserve deposit
banking, etc..
So, it seems to me the fed was reacting to desired demand for currency, desired demand for central
bank reserves, and required demand for central
bank reserves while keeping the fed funds rate
on target.
Specifically, by altering the supply of
bank reserves, the Fed could influence the federal funds rate — the rate
banks paid other
banks to borrow
reserves overnight — and
so keep that rate
on target.
Banks are sitting
on such vast quantities of excess
reserves — paid to do
so by the Federal Reserve as it pays a relative high interest rate
on reserves — that the monetary base is larger than M1.
Explaining the relation between the Fed's creation (or destruction) of
bank reserves and
banks» creation (or destruction) of deposits takes a little effort, not in the least because doing
so means confronting the different ways in which economists
on one hand and bankers and
banking consultants
on the other look at the process, and deciding whether the difference is due to substantive disagreement, or mere semantics.
Instead, when the Fed makes its first rate hike — something that probably won't happen until at least September - 2015 — it will do
so by 1) raising the interest rate paid
on bank reserves, 2) increasing the amount that it pays to borrow money via Reverse Repurchase agreements, and 3) boosting the rate that it offers to financial institutions for term deposits.
Chinese
banks are under tight regulations such as
reserve requirement, loan - to - deposit ratios (LDR), KYC, AML, and
so on.
I mean given that the fractional
reserve banking system is
so over-levered, globally, but just thinking about the U.S. for a minute if everybody put 5 % -10 % of their money in Bitcoin or some other cryptocurrencies, the whole
banking system implodes
on itself.
In a floor system,
banks are kept flush with excess
reserves, and monetary control is exercised, not be adjusting the quantity of
reserves so as to achieve a particular equilibrium federal funds rate, but by manipulating the interest rate the Fed pays
on banks» required and excess reserves holdings, alone or along with the Fed's overnight reverse - repo (ON - RRP) rat
on banks» required and excess
reserves holdings, alone or along with the Fed's overnight reverse - repo (
ON - RRP) rat
ON - RRP) rate.
The central
bank has the monopoly
on issuing currency,
so if a customer withdraws cash from a demand deposit, the
bank in turn has to obtain the
bank notes by drawing down its
reserves account with the central
bank (leaving aside that
banks keep a certain amount of vault cash
on hand).
The Fed's tendency to favor Treasury and agency securities when conducting monetary policy operations, though innocuous enough when
banks hold only minimal excess
reserves so that the Fed leaves only a relatively modest «footprint»
on overall credit allocation, becomes a serious matter when
banks pile -
on excess
reserves, turning the Fed into the central -
bank equivalent of the abominable snowman.
So, if a
bank has deposits of $ 1 billion, it is required to have $ 110 million
on reserve.
So with the transfer window just around the corner and with the Arsenal shareholder Lord Harris having helpfully told the world that the club is sitting
on cash
reserves of something like # 200 million in the
bank, Arsene Wenger is concerned that the price of any player he is interested in will suddenly go up, as explained in a Daily Mail report.
There are laws regulating credit reporting agencies, laws regulating bond rating agencies, laws regulating
banks, regulating savings and loans, regulating credit unions, regulating financial institutions that lend to credit unions, establishing and regulating the federal
reserve, regulating mortgage financing, regulating automobile financing, regulating export - import financing, and
so on and
so on.
It is alleged that ruble is only a shadow of dollar because the central
bank is allowed (by the USA) to issue only as much rubles as they have dollar
reserves on the US accounts,
so that ruble is the «colonial dollar» and nothing more.
He raised taxes at a time when the average family was near or in starvation mode, he confiscated all of the nation's privately - owned gold and then promptly devalued the dollar by 40 % (reducing the buying power of any saved dollars by almost half overnight), he raised
bank reserve requirements numerous times (taking yet more cash out of the real economy
so it could be hoarded in vaults), he actively supported a trade war with tariffs that created massive global imbalances (some would argue ushering in the rise to power of fascist regimes that would have had no chance in times of prosperity), and perhaps most damning, rather than plowing most of those raised tax dollars back into the stalled economy, he instead bought gold
on the global markets for the government and sequestered it, keeping it from backing new dollars (monetary expansion, which most understand is required to turn a recession around) and instead further crushing the economy — and not just the US economy.
If I deposited 100 newly minted coins into a
bank and that
bank proceeded to loan out 80 of my coins where 80 are deposited into another
bank who then proceeds to loan out 60 of the coins, and
so on... the production of coins only changed by the initial 100 that I minted - not by the fractional
reserve multiple.
So, if a
bank has deposits of $ 1 billion, it is required to have $ 110 million
on reserve.
Just like you said for Ponzi schemes «the only source of the
so - called interest
on the money was the contributions of future investors», for fractional -
reserve banking the source of interest is the future profit made by lending the investor's money - to the investors themselves!
Extend your stay with a stay at the park's unpretentious Big Sur Lodge, or
reserve a campsite
on the
banks of the river (sites book up well in advance, particularly in peak summer months,
so plan ahead).
Extend your stay at the park's unpretentious Big Sur Lodge, or
reserve a campsite
on the
banks of the river (sites book up well in advance, particularly in peak summer months,
so plan ahead).
the most truly inconvenient truth is that the world's economic system, which is based
on fractional
reserve banking (which essentially allows for printing money whenever a government chooses to do
so, independent of any real productive value underlying the printed currency), which then requires constant growth to pay the interest
on ever increasingly debt
on the new «money» that is then used to create loans or government financing of whatever.
You will also run into duplex LTV restrictions...
so lets say you bought it for 100K cash, put 15K into it... then tried to refi - the
banks asks for 6 - 12 months seasoning and max ltv
on a duplex 80 % LTV... you have tied up the funds and end up with 65,000 back... your going to run out of
reserves.