The scientists focused
on bismuth vanadate, a thin - film semiconductor that has emerged as a leading candidate for use as a photoanode, the positively charged part of a photoelectric cell that can absorb sunlight to split water.
This is competitive with conventional TE materials based
on bismuth telluride.
«Compounds based
on bismuth, antimony, telluride and selenide are the cleanest and most intrinsic topological insulators demonstrated so far, with no measurable amount of undesirable conduction inside the bulk that often spoils the topological conduction properties in earlier topological insulator materials,» Chen said.
Not exact matches
Fortune is currently focused
on advancing the vertically integrated NICO cobalt - gold -
bismuth - copper project, comprised of a proposed mine and mill in the Northwest Territories that will produce a bulk concentrate for shipment to a refinery that the Company plans to construct in Saskatchewan.
Liu and his team found that
bismuth metal deposited
on the silicon can result in a more stable large - gap topological insulator.
But Bowyer plans instead
on using a low - melting point metal alloy of
bismuth, lead, tin and cadmium that can be squirted from a heated syringe to form circuits.
In a study whose results were published in Nature last July, physicist Ali Yazdani used a powerful microscope to track electrons as they encountered stairlike barriers
on the surface of antimony, a material that shares several characteristics with topological insulators such as
bismuth telluride.
Most existing thermoelectric devices are based
on rare, expensive and unstable materials such as
bismuth telluride, making them unsuitable for widespread use in energy generation — but Peidong Yang «s team at the University of California, Berkeley, have found a cheap alternative in silicon.
The image above reveals how electrons scatter
on the surface of a
bismuth - based material.
The researchers report finding a viable alternative in specially prepared
bismuth ferrite film that has piezoelectric properties
on par with lead - based compounds.
The material of their choice, the compound Ag2BiO3, is exceptional for two reasons;
on the one hand it is composed of the heavy element
bismuth, which allows the spin of the electron to interact with its own motion (spin - orbit coupling)-- a feature that has no analogy in classical physics.
«The high - pressure liquid becomes more structurally disordered when the heat is applied, taking
on what we call a «deep liquid» state, certain structural characteristics of which remain even when the
bismuth is cooled back to solid,» Shen explained.
The
bismuth selenide / BSCCO material was brought to the ALS to study the electronic states
on its surface using a technique known as ARPES, for angle - resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
«Our studies reveal a large superconducting pairing gap
on the topological surface states of thin films of the
bismuth selenide topological insulator when grown
on BSCCO,» Fedorov says.
They came up with a compound that features sodium, which is cheap and abundant;
bismuth, which is relatively scarce but is overproduced during the mining of other metals and is cheap; and sulfur, the fifth most common element
on Earth.
But
bismuth - based Zintl compounds haven't been widely studied, said Zhifeng Ren, MD Anderson Chair Professor of physics at the University of Houston and lead author
on the paper.
In this research, Lawler and his colleagues focused
on a member of the cuprate class of superconductors called
bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO).
This also produced heavy elements that were not
on earth before the flood (elements heavier than lead, such as
bismuth, polonium, radon, radium, thorium, uranium, etc.) The greater the heat, the more heavy elements formed and absorbed that heat.
It is based
on the principle that atomic nuclei have a magnetic field, if they, like the
bismuth isotope under investigation, have a nuclear spin.
Although long thought to be stable,
bismuth, as an element, was shown to be weakly radioactive, with an enormously long half - life period: 1 Watch Caiu na Net Video Caseiro Que Marido Corno Fe - free porn video
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Depending
on the circumstances of exposure, large enough doses of
bismuth salicylate could cause effects similar to aspirin poisoning.
Larry Bell, Untitled 1964,
bismuth, chromium, gold, and rhodium
on gold - plated brass; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Researchers at Stanford University, with colleagues in China, have developed a tandem solar cell consisting of an approximately 700 - nm - thick nanoporous Mo - doped
bismuth vanadate (BiVO4)(Mo: BiVO4) layer
on an engineered Si nanocone substrate.
While it is too soon to say if
bismuth ferrite - based substances can replace lead entirely, there is potential, and the researchers are now working
on figuring out which variables to tweak to maximize the film's piezoelectric potential.