Some people have moral objections to doing any research
on human embryos because they consider a human embryo to have the moral standing of a person.
Last year, government regulators in the United Kingdom gave permission for Niakan, a developmental biologist at the Francis Crick Institute in London, and colleagues to perform gene
editing on human embryos left over from in vitro fertilization treatments (SN Online: 2/1/16).
In August the House of Representatives approved an appropriations bill that would forbid federal funding of
experiments on human embryos outside the womb.
Josephine Johnson, Director of Research at The Hastings Center, told Seeker that she personally thinks it's «absolutely appropriate» to use CRISPR technology
on human embryos in the case of eliminating genetic diseases and the resulting suffering.
NIH determined, however, that a congressional
ban on human embryo research prohibited it from supporting this work.
Despite the concerns, in September researchers at the Francis Crick Institute in London applied to the United Kingdom's governing authority on fertility research for permission to use
CRISPR on human embryos.
In 2015, Chinese scientists announced they had used CRISPR - Cas9
on human embryos for the first time.
In February, the United Kingdom approved using the
method on human embryos at the Francis Crick Institute in London, but only within a narrow capacity: Researchers can edit genes in non-viable human embryos for a limited period and only to study developmental biology related to in vitro fertilization.
As Funk notes, both surveys «show that public views about gene editing vary depending on whether the techniques would involve germline editing or
testing on human embryos» and that there are «wide differences» based on religious beliefs.
Geneticist Dana Carroll of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, who was at the Napa meeting, says that it will call for discussions of the safety and ethics of using editing
techniques on human embryos.
Research on a new «gene editing» technology known as CRISPR — which theoretically allows any cell or organism to have its genome altered — is advancing exponentially, with early research
ongoing on human embryos created for that purpose.
«There are perfectly ethical ways of obtaining stem cells to cure disease, which do not involve embryo destruction, so no matter what moral value one
places on the human embryo, we do not need to use it.»
The team spent over a year optimising their techniques using mouse embryos and human embryonic stem cells before starting
work on human embryos.
Congress's
restriction on human embryo research, he said, «puts us at a competitive disadvantage» with respect to Britain, «where many major discoveries have been made in human development.»
In October 1996 — after Congress enacted a
ban on human embryo research — NIH quietly cut off Hughes's funding.
A recent commentary in Nature from industry - allied scientists called for a halt to even basic studies of the
method on human embryos.
The ban doesn't change existing policy at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is already barred from funding
research on human embryos.
Anyone who doubts the existence of such attitudes in the U.S. should have attended the recent deliberations of the National Institutes of Health regarding experiments
on human embryos.
The UK has approved CRISPR gene editing
on human embryos.
WASHINGTON — Mark Hughes, an internationally known leader in DNA diagnostics, has resigned from Georgetown University after coming under fire for allegedly failing to honor a ban
on human embryo research.
The change would give research on chimeras and hybrids the same legal status as
that on human embryos.
But since some members of Congress and millions of anti - abortion / pro-life radicals believe that embryo research per se should be illegal, you'd better be pretty careful about which eggs you break if you want to do research
on human embryos.
Just a couple of months ago, a UK - based team were given the go - ahead to experiment
on human embryos, with the aim of identifying genes linked to embryo health, fertility and miscarriage.
Opponents of research
on human embryos might contend that reprogramming happened because of the federal restrictions on embryonic research, but Thomson believes the stigma on the field made researchers wary and delayed the discovery of reprogramming by several years.
But scientists will need to test
them on human embryos in the lab to find out whether the techniques ever could be safe and effective enough to use, they say.
At least one group has already used CRISPR
on human embryos, sparking calls for a moratorium on similar work and an international summit at the end of 2015 to discuss the science and ethics of human gene editing.
But he thinks that US scientists will inevitably take on such research, although federal funding of research
on human embryos and germline modification is prohibited.
Federally funded research
on human embryos, although sanctioned by a congressionally mandated national bioethics commission in 1975, has faced unrelenting opposition from right - to - life groups.
A French high court advised lifting that country's ban
on human embryo research, for example, and a U.S. presidential advisory panel recommended that public funds be available for all types of stem cell research.
And because the federal government is not permitted to fund any research
on human embryos, work on in vitro fertilisation has already moved to private laboratories.
This past September, when Niakan applied to the United Kingdom's Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) for a renewal of her license to conduct research
on human embryos, she proposed to extend her work to include CRISPR editing.
«Recent call for moratorium on genome editing research
on human embryos, gametes and germ cells is just a call, not a law that can be imposed to any country.
Associated Foreign Press «A Japanese scientist who helped produce stem cells from skin says controversial research
on human embryos must continue for now, as it will...
However, there is no reason to prohibit in vitro germline genome editing
on human embryos and gametes, with appropriate oversight and consent from donors, to facilitate research on the possible future clinical applications of gene editing.
Without any regulations, CRISPR could be developed to the point where it can safely be used
on a human embryo to alter its DNA.