Sentences with phrase «on observational»

Some areas of family functioning are better suited to research using self - report measures, for example parental beliefs, while research into behavioural characteristics may better rely more on observational measures.

The workshop includes training on observational skills for effective home visits and assessment of families in the home environment.

Parents apply for the program and the children are selected based on an observational screening process.

The first application was based on observational data obtained from dyads to study their moment - to - moment behavior on an affective dimension running from negative affect to positive affect.

Results indicated at 1 - year follow - up there were similar improvements on observational and self - report measures of preschooler disruptive behaviour for enhanced Triple P (Level 5), standard Level 4 Triple P, and self - directed variants of Level 4 Triple P.

The criteria that must be met in order for a therapist to receive EFT certification are based on both observational processes of effective EFT therapy and written requirements.

Alcohol related DUI with BAC equal to or greater than 0.08 % but less than 0.10 % OR based on observational evidence with or without a particular BAC

SM, there is no scientific way to infer SLR from AGW based on observational evidence.

«Dessler's study is just showing that the observational estimates of ECS are plausibly estimates from the bottom of the spread and that the difference between observational and ensemble based estimates is plausibly the effects of internal variability on the observational estimates.»

I suggest that if we are to find an agreement on the observational facts it might be useful that we concentrate each time on the same data and period.

The Bureau's use of statistical tests that are most likely to identify artificial discontinuities in the temperature data, and how they should be applied, are informed by well - established studies on observational climate data.

«What causes the observed changes in precipitation and temperature is not something we have addressed because of the difficulties in doing so just based on observational records,» Villarini says.

That's why it's framed this way and the idea that a percentage of current C is all or even a good chunk of past A isn't based on any observational evidence.

A May 2011 study based on observational data finds that temperature affects snow pack in the mid to late portion of the snow season (March through May), but it did not identify an influence during the earliest phase (February), when temperatures are generally well below freezing.

Usually in climate modeling, scientists will set the allowable range for each input parameter based on observational data.

The Monaghan et al. study used the correlation structure in the ERA - 40 reanalysis (Uppala et al. 2005) to define the weights on the observational records that are applied at each gridbox on 1 ° × 1 ° degree regular grid with a kriging method.

[*] You had said: «is based purely on observational evidence, with no dependence on any climate model simulations... to obtain a direct measure of the overall climate response or feedback parameter... Measuring radiative flux imbalances provides a direct measure of Y, and hence of S, unlike other ways of diagnosing climate sensitivity.»

Of the eight studies for which PDFs are shown, only one — Forster / Gregory 06 [Forster and Gregory, 2006]-- is based purely on observational evidence, with no dependence on any climate model simulations.

In fact, based on observational data it seems unlikely that there is a very close correlation for the following reasons: 1) If historic correlations remained consistent it would be a lot hotter right now based on increases in observed CO2 levels.

In their study, these authors rely on observational evidence of recent Arctic amplification (AA), i.e., a strong increase in lower - tropospheric temperatures in the Arctic compared with that over the total NH (see, e.g., ref.

Depending on the observational data set, the GMST trend over 1998 — 2012 is estimated to be around one - third to one - half of the trend over 1951 — 2012 (Section 2.4.3, Table 2.7; Box 9.2 Figure 1a, c).

I note that the key Sulphate aerosols component was derived using the HadCM3 AOGCM, rather than being based directly on observational estimates.

corrected / updated to 0.5 K in: On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications Richard S. Lindzen and Yong - Sang Choi J. Geophys.

The paper's introduction has one sentence on the observational evidence for a poleward shift in storm tracks reported in earlier papers (McCabe et al. 2001; Fyfe 2003).

«The regional weather@home model serves as a nice way to do an independent check on the observational analysis,» said Oxford's team lead Friederike Otto.

Based on observational data climate sensitivity is clearly rather small and much smaller that the majority of models.»

Studies surveyed Millar, R. et al. (2017) Emission budgets and pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5 C, Nature Geophysics, doi: 10.1038 / ngeo3031 Matthews, H.D., et al. (2017) Estimating Carbon Budgets for Ambitious Climate Targets, Current Climate Change Reports, doi: 10.1007 / s40641 -017-0055-0 Goodwin, P., et al. (2018) Pathways to 1.5 C and 2C warming based on observational and geological constraints, Nature Geophysics, doi: 10.1038 / s41561 -017-0054-8 Schurer, A.P., et al. (2018) Interpretations of the Paris climate target, Nature Geophysics, doi: 10.1038 / s41561 -018-0086-8 Tokarska, K., and Gillett, N. (2018) Cumulative carbon emissions budgets consistent with 1.5 C global warming, Nature Climate Change, doi: 10.1038 / s41558 -018-0118-9 Millar, R., and Friedlingstein, P. (2018) The utility of the historical record for assessing the transient climate response to cumulative emissions, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, doi: 10.1098 / rsta.2016.0449 Lowe, J.A., and Bernie, D. (2018) The impact of Earth system feedbacks on carbon budgets and climate response, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, doi: 10.1098 / rsta.2017.0263 Rogelj, J., et al. (2018) Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5 C, Nature Climate Change, doi: 10.1038 / s41558 -018-0091-3 Kriegler, E., et al. (2018) Pathways limiting warming to 1.5 °C: A tale of turning around in no time, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, doi: 10.1098 / rsta.2016.0457

TCR is not that uncertain and a growing body of research focused on observational estimates of TCR shows is isn't likely larger than 1.2 - 1.4 C, indicating transient climate feedbacks are small.

«Best practice» in its usual meaning relies on observational evidence, not models or theories.

I agree that the models tend to show less decadal ocean variability than observed (given the obvious caveats on the observational side), but absolutely disagree that this implies that longer term estimates are off.

It was based on observational analysis which was found to contain errors.

This is based on observational and hard copy documents of actual events.

This is similar to how the denier claims of no global warming, or of no anthropogenic influence upon warming, or of low climate sensitivity, depend on all observational data being wrong in the same direction.

Most of them are based on observational notes, beginnings of sketches of objects or spaces.

In this week - long intensive, we will focus on observational drawings and paintings from still lives, interior perspectives, and from live models.

Influenced by experimental cinema, she relies on observational research to generate non-linear narratives that challenge the boundaries between documentary and fiction.

Printing her images on cotton, Soleimani creates soft, weighted sculptures based on bobo dolls used in psychologist Albert Bandura's 1961 «Bobo Doll Experiment» on observational psychology and social learning theories.

Learn how to use forms and strategies for working with teachers directly and immediately, and develop guidelines for selecting and implementing interventions based on observational data.

See, for example, that individuals in the top 20 % (quintile 5) of VAM have a very large spread in their scores on the observational score, with 95 % of the scores in the top quintile being in between the 7th and 98th percentiles for their observational scores.

As teacher educators and teachers, we are well aware of the importance of accountability for our students» literacy learning, and while we were convinced of our students» success based on observational and descriptive data from our pilot studies, we knew that a systematic study evaluating students» progress in reading, writing, discussion, and content learning — using experimental methods — would be potentially more convincing to others.

However, what we have seen since 2009, when states began to adopt what were then (and in many ways still are) viewed as America's «new and improved» or «strengthened» teacher evaluation systems, is that for 70 % of America's teachers, these teacher evaluation systems are still based only on the observational indicators being used prior, because for only 30 % of America's teachers are value - added estimates calculable.

Directly related to the Review of Article # 4 prior (i.e., # 4 of 9 on observational systems» potentials here), these researchers found that Chicago teachers are, in general, positive about the evaluation system, primarily given the system's observational component (i.e., the Charlotte Danielson Framework for Teaching, used twice per year for tenured teachers and that counts for 75 % of teachers» evaluation scores), and not given the inclusion of student growth in this evaluation system (that counts for the other 25 %).

See also the recommendations offered, some with which I agree on the observational side (e.g., ensuring that teachers receive multiple observations during a school year by multiple evaluators), and none with which I agree on the value - added side (e.g., use at least two years of student achievement data in teacher evaluation ratings — rather, researchers agree that three years of value - added data are needed, as based on at least four years of student - level test data).

The finding shows a significant effect of the teachers» professional development on paired t - tests, t (22) = 4.72, p <.0001, based on the observational data.

If interested, see the Review of Article # 1 — the introduction to the special issue here; see the Review of Article # 2 — on VAMs» measurement errors, issues with retroactive revisions, and (more) problems with using standardized tests in VAMs here; see the Review of Article # 3 — on VAMs» potentials here; see the Review of Article # 4 — on observational systems» potentials here; see the Review of Article # 5 — on teachers» perceptions of observations and student growth here; see the Review of Article (Essay) # 6 — on VAMs as tools for «egg - crate» schools here; and see the Review of Article (Commentary) # 7 — on VAMs situated in their appropriate ecologies here; and see the Review of Article # 8, Part I — on a more research - based assessment of VAMs» potentials here.

In this context, it must be recognized that rankings based on VAM scores and ratings based on observational protocols will necessarily have different psychometric and statistical properties.

If interested, see the Review of Article # 1 — the introduction to the special issue here; see the Review of Article # 2 — on VAMs» measurement errors, issues with retroactive revisions, and (more) problems with using standardized tests in VAMs here; see the Review of Article # 3 — on VAMs» potentials here; see the Review of Article # 4 — on observational systems» potentials here; see the Review of Article # 5 — on teachers» perceptions of observations and student growth here; see the Review of Article (Essay) # 6 — on VAMs as tools for «egg - crate» schools here; see the Review of Article (Commentary) # 7 — on VAMs situated in their appropriate ecologies here; and see the Review of Article # 8, Part I — on a more research - based assessment of VAMs» potentials here and Part II on «a modest solution» provided to us by Linda Darling - Hammond here.

While in the conclusions section of this article authors stretch this finding out a bit, writing that «Overall, this study finds that there is promise in teacher evaluation reform in Chicago,» (p. 114) as primarily based on their findings about «the new observation process» (p. 114) being used in CPS, recall from the Review of Article # 4 prior (i.e., # 4 of 9 on observational systems» potentials here), these observational systems are not «new and improved.»

If interested, see the Review of Article # 1 — the introduction to the special issue here; see the Review of Article # 2 — on VAMs» measurement errors, issues with retroactive revisions, and (more) problems with using standardized tests in VAMs here; see the Review of Article # 3 — on VAMs» potentials here; and see the Review of Article # 4 — on observational systems» potentials here.

The present analysis is based on observational data and correlational analysis.