Sentences with phrase «on observational evidence»

Alcohol related DUI with BAC equal to or greater than 0.08 % but less than 0.10 % OR based on observational evidence with or without a particular BAC

SM, there is no scientific way to infer SLR from AGW based on observational evidence.

That's why it's framed this way and the idea that a percentage of current C is all or even a good chunk of past A isn't based on any observational evidence.

[*] You had said: «is based purely on observational evidence, with no dependence on any climate model simulations... to obtain a direct measure of the overall climate response or feedback parameter... Measuring radiative flux imbalances provides a direct measure of Y, and hence of S, unlike other ways of diagnosing climate sensitivity.»

Of the eight studies for which PDFs are shown, only one — Forster / Gregory 06 [Forster and Gregory, 2006]-- is based purely on observational evidence, with no dependence on any climate model simulations.

In their study, these authors rely on observational evidence of recent Arctic amplification (AA), i.e., a strong increase in lower - tropospheric temperatures in the Arctic compared with that over the total NH (see, e.g., ref.

The paper's introduction has one sentence on the observational evidence for a poleward shift in storm tracks reported in earlier papers (McCabe et al. 2001; Fyfe 2003).

«Best practice» in its usual meaning relies on observational evidence, not models or theories.

Our evaluation of a fossil fuel emissions limit is not based on climate models but rather on observational evidence of global climate change as a function of global temperature and on the fact that climate stabilization requires long - term planetary energy balance.

Comments: 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of The Second Kolkata Conference on Observational Evidence for Black Holes in the Universe», ed.

4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of The Second Kolkata Conference on Observational Evidence for Black Holes in the Universe», ed.

Not exact matches

On the evidence side, I know that the evidence primarily comes from observational studies, and there are methodological issues with measuring dose and duration of breastfeeding particularly after the introduction of complementary foods, however the evidence is fairly consistent in showing a reduction in gastrointestinal, respiratory and ear infections (see «Breastfeeding and maternal and infant outcomes in developed countries» http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17764214).

Interventions to improve breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity and duration are based on extensive evidence from both observational and intervention studies of short - and long - term health benefits of breastfeeding for both mothers and infants.13 — 15 Nevertheless, to our knowledge none of previous studies has systematically examined whether the increases in breastfeeding resulting from such interventions have equally benefited all socioeconomic groups.

Some barriers include the negative attitudes of women and their partners and family members, as well as health care professionals, toward breastfeeding, whereas the main reasons that women do not start or give up breastfeeding are reported to be poor family and social support, perceived milk insufficiency, breast problems, maternal or infant illness, and return to outside employment.2 Several strategies have been used to promote breastfeeding, such as setting standards for maternity services3, 4 (eg, the joint World Health Organization — United Nations Children's Fund [WHO - UNICEF] Baby Friendly Initiative), public education through media campaigns, and health professionals and peer - led initiatives to support individual mothers.5 — 9 Support from the infant's father through active participation in the breastfeeding decision, together with a positive attitude and knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding, has been shown to have a strong influence on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding in observational studies, 2,10 but scientific evidence is not available as to whether training fathers to manage the most common lactation difficulties can enhance breastfeeding rates.

In addition, there was no effect on breastfeeding duration when the pacifier was introduced at 1 month of age.280 A more recent systematic review found that the highest level of evidence (ie, from clinical trials) does not support an adverse relationship between pacifier use and breastfeeding duration or exclusivity.281 The association between shortened duration of breastfeeding and pacifier use in observational studies likely reflects a number of complex factors such as breastfeeding difficulties or intent to wean.281 A large multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 1021 mothers who were highly motivated to breastfeed were assigned to 2 groups: mothers advised to offer a pacifier after 15 days and mothers advised not to offer a pacifier.

Among recommendations with available information on level of evidence, 90.5 percent of recommendations supported by multiple randomized studies were retained, vs 81.0 percent of recommendations supported by 1 randomized trial or observational data and 73.7 percent of recommendations supported by opinion.

«The underlying causes need to be investigated to help to identify practices and strategies to increase women's influence on and contributions to the evidence that will determine future healthcare policies and standards of clinical practice,» Giovanni Filardo, PhD, MPH, and his co-authors wrote in the paper, titled «Trends and comparison of female first authorship in high impact medical journals: observational study (1994 - 2014).»

It's all very well to have a theory and simulations suggesting it should be true, but real observational evidence is great,» said Curtis Struck, a professor of astrophysics at Iowa State University in Ames and co-author on the paper.

Observational evidence for an active surface reservoir of solid carbon dioxide on Mars M. C. Malin, M. A. Caplinger, and S. D. Davis Science 294, 2146 — 2148, doi: 10.1126 / science.1066416, 7 December 2001.

«This is the first direct observational evidence where we can see the effect of the black hole on the star formation history of the galaxy,» co-author Jean Brodie, an astronomer at the University of California, Santa Cruz, said in a press release.

Although no observational evidence has yet been found for such structures, this remains an active area of research, in which interest has revived since it was discovered that very similar objects would be predicted by many cosmological scenarios based on fundamental string theory.

Overall, evidence linking dairy to prostate cancer is inconsistent and based on observational studies.

«It has been proposed, mainly on the basis of observational studies, that nuts may provide superior satiation, may lead to reduced calorie consumption,... but evidence from randomized, interventional studies is lacking.»

However, the supporting evidence is limited and mainly based on observational studies and short - term clinical trials (1, 2).

We have chosen the PEBO as an example because 1) it is a topic that is amenable to conducting randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and thus, there are not insurmountable barriers to moving beyond observational evidence, and 2) it seems like a less politically charged topic than the topics of some previous publications on biased reporting [eg, sugar - sweetened beverages (2, 3) and breastfeeding (4)-RSB- to better facilitate the discussion of extrascientific factors that affect the fidelity of research reporting.

Based on 2 observational studies in individuals with documented atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, there is LIMITED EVIDENCE that intake of trans fats is associated with atherosclerosis, which is the main cause of coronary heart disease [47,48].

These comprehensive juxtapositions between on - the - scene and off - the - cuff moments reveal an inherent contradiction between filmmaker and subject; while the team members claim they work from evidence first, then reach conclusions, Chevigny and Kauffman have set out to make a hagiographic observational documentary that is more interested in putting a human face on an organization than it is operating with a more rigorous, journalistic precision.

In the end, what can be more fairly and appropriately asserted from this research report is that the Marzano model is indeed correlated with value - added estimates, and their correlation coefficients fall right in line with all other correlation coefficients evidenced via other current studies on this topic, again, whereby researchers have correlated multiple observational models with multiple value - added estimates.

Accordingly, even though their data for this part of this study come from one district, their findings are similar to others evidenced in the «Widget Effect» report; hence, there are still likely educational measurement (and validity) issues on both ends (i.e., with using such observational rubrics as part of America's reformed teacher evaluation systems and using survey methods to put into check these systems, overall).

Although there is observational evidence suggesting that parent - child conversations are a context in which epistemological understanding may develop (Luce, Callanan & Smilovic, 2013), and parent epistemological beliefs have been found to predict children's critical evaluations of speakers who reason about evidence with varying competence (Suárez & Koenig, under review; in prep), the role of adult influences on children's epistemological development has not been examined experimentally.

Despite these limitations, there was ample evidence in journals, papers, and video footage that the observational and instructional opportunities afforded by this project exerted a profound effect on the preservice teachers.

As evidenced, teachers in the lowest 20 % on the VAM score have differences in the mean observational score depending on the VAM score (a moderate correlation of r = 0.50), but for the other 80 %, knowing the VAM score is not informative as there is a very small correlation for the second quintile and no correlation for the upper 60 %.

Science isn't about belief, it's about evidence (observational & experimental) and reasonable conclusions; as long as a teacher sticks to an objective curriculum based on science I would be supportive.

However, there is both theoretical and observational evidence that melting now occurs on the horizontal surfaces of the Kilimanjaro Northern Ice Field, and contributes to ablation [Moelg and Hardy 2004; Thompson et al 2002].

Surely the IPCC and others at GISS can come up with based on the based available observational evidence and paretial difference equations and paleo climatic data a bloody good guess as to what response ice sheets will have to a known temperature rise come BAU to overall CO2 levels of 450 to 550 ppmv come the centurys end.

In reviewing the Reply, the reviewers felt that Harde's argument is ``... too simplistic, based on invalid assumptions, ignores a whole body of observational evidence, and cites selectively literature that has long - time been disproved».

Whether you are gullible enough to accept the figures as accurate depends on how much credibility you put in the multitude of observational measurements taken by different methods over many decades by diverse groups of researchers that form a strong consilience of mutually supporting evidence for the validity of the estimates and the possible errors.

Whether there is a divide between weather and climate scientists out in the field, the meteorological society's official 2007 statement on climate change very clearly accepted that people are jogging the system: «[S] trong observational evidence and results from modeling studies indicate that, at least over the last 50 years, human activities are a major contributor to climate change.»

That it is possible to construct a metric that doesn't show regional warming in a certain roughly specified region on a certain unspecified time scale with a certain unspecified statistical technique in no way contradicts the assertion that the balance of observational evidence shows unusual recent global warming, in first order agreement with theoretical, computational, and paleoclimate evidence.

And they all assign large economic damage to sea - level rise — even though there is no observational evidence for an influence of short - term (decadal) temperature changes on the rate of rise of sea level.

I am intrigued by the Holland paper and the concept deserves further examination, but it long way from being based on conclusive observational evidence that it is the cause of Jakobshavn Isbrae thinning.

Observational data, evidence from field experiments, and quantitative modeling are the evidence base of the negative effects of extreme weather events on crop yield: early spring heat waves followed by normal frost events have been shown to decimate Midwest fruit crops; heat waves during flowering, pollination, and grain filling have been shown to significantly reduce corn and wheat yields; more variable and intense spring rainfall has delayed spring planting in some years and can be expected to increase erosion and runoff; and floods have led to crop losses.4, 5,6,7

«Direct observational data on surface air temperature are sparse for the Antarctic, but none of the datasets examined provides evidence of net warming south of 60 ° S since 1979, a period during which sea - ice extent increased a little.»

With regard to Dr Tobis» observation that: «there's a something on the order of a 10 % chance that we may have already passed the 2 C mark by any reasonable definition» the evidence of a study of Albedo Loss published last January appears to put the issue beyond doubt: «Observational determination of albedo decrease caused by vanishing Arctic sea ice» (Kristina Pistone, Ian Eisenman, and V. Ramanathan)

As of this writing, there is observational and modeling evidence that: 1) both annular modes are sensitive to month - to - month and year - to - year variability in the stratospheric flow (see section on Stratosphere / troposphere coupling, below); 2) both annular modes have exhibited long term trends which may reflect the impact of stratospheric ozone depletion and / or increased greenhouse gases (see section on Climate Change, below); and 3) the NAM responds to changes in the distribution of sea - ice over the North Atlantic sector.

The apparent increase in blocking behavior was (as far as I know) not predicted by models, and before 10 years ago or so there was no observational evidence at all on the matter.

Since the heart of the AGW proposition is that CO2 has a direct effect on warming, the observational evidence that shows no warming is not something you can ignore.

Based on extensive evidence, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported by the extend of the observational evidence, that anything other than human activity is the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.

I believe I understand the mechanisms related to the Heinrich events and have moved on to astrophysics problems looking for an explanation as to how the sun could cause what is observed and looking for observational evidence to understand and support a model for the fundamental physics implications.

Carrick «Keep in mind the estimates for the half - life of CO2 emissions is on the order 800 years (based on correlational studies)» niclewis September 24, 2014 at 3:00 pm I'm not sure that is supported by good observational evidence.