There is evidence that whereas drought timing may
depend on sea surface temperature, the length and depth of major droughts in the region depend on soil moisture conditions and land - atmosphere interactions.
Depending on where the powerful winds cross the Atlantic, the jet stream can have a cooling or warming effect
on sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean, according to the study, published (May 27 2015) in the journal Nature.
Forecasting years ahead
relies on sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic, whereas the El Niño Southern Oscillation is important for a shorter - term forecast before each summer.
Second, as Gavin pointed out, the land - ocean temperature index tends to underestimate the truth because it's based
on sea surface temperature rather than air temperature, while the meteorological - station index temperature tends to overestimate the truth because land warms faster than ocean.
In 2014 climate scientists published a peer - reviewed paper (Johnstone 2014) suggesting that climate change along the coast of North America could be best explained by natural cycles of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) due to its
affects on sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific.
More Scientific Evidence For CO2's Dubious Climate Impact Emerges Image Source: Robertson and Chilingar, 2017 According to the most basic precepts of anthropogenic global warming (AGW), variations in CO2 concentrations exert significant
control on sea surface temperatures, glaciers, sea levels, and generalized climate dynamics (i.e., precipitation patterns).
Schmittner et al. estimated the LGM cooling at only approximately 3 °C, although as we discussed, this estimate was based
heavily on sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions from Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean (MARGO) project, which may underestimate the SST change.
Coral isotope measurements provide
information on both sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity, so they can indicate times of increased or decreased temperature and / or precipitation associated with changes in the position of the SPCZ.
Meanwhile, sophisticated new weather models — such as one based
on sea surface temperatures, developed by researchers at Florida State University — are bringing remarkable improvements in hurricane prediction.
These results call for sustained monitoring of ocean salinity, which provides an important tool for improving the existing climate prediction systems based
on sea surface temperature - precipitation relationships.
Global warming also increases both the risk and intensity of hurricanes — which are dependent
on sea surface temperatures — and the hazards of flooding, because global warming is linked to sea level rise.
To get around this problem, the study's authors created an index based
on sea surface temperatures to infer the strength of the current over time.