Not exact matches
But researchers from the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, members of the PlanetSolar Deepwater expedition, have now succeeded in linking the composition of marine biological
aerosols — and therefore their influence
on the climate — to that of bodies of water under them within the Atlantic Ocean, thereby paving the way to an
indirect study of these
aerosols through water analysis.
This mis - representation and can have significant ramifications for estimating the direct and
indirect effects of
aerosols on climate.
When Aldrin adds a fixed cloud lifetime effect of -0.25 W / m ^ 2 forcing
on top of his variable parameter direct and (1st)
indirect aerosol forcing, the mode of the sensitivity PDF increases from 1.6 to 1.8.
The
indirect aerosol effect
on clouds is non-linear [1], [76] such that it has been suggested that even the modest
aerosol amounts added by pre-industrial humans to an otherwise pristine atmosphere may have caused a significant climate forcing [59].
There is a large literature
on indirect aerosols effects, and in particular, those associated with ship tracks.
However, I am not optimistic — the specifics of the small scale physics (
aerosol indirect effects
on clouds, sea ice formation, soil hydrology etc.) are so heterogeneous that I don't see how you can do without calculating the details.
My best guess from browsing Chapter 8 of the Physical Science Basis is that given the high uncertainty in the
indirect effect
on aerosols, the decision was to report GWPs that don't include these effects.
Solar activity impacts
on climate are a fascinating topic, and encompass direct radiative processes,
indirect effects via atmospheric chemistry and (potentially)
aerosol formation effects.
Similarly, we have not been able to tell how much of the
aerosol is capable of interacting with liquid or ice clouds (which depends
on the different
aerosols» affinity for water), and that impacts our assessment of the
aerosol indirect effect.
Probably not the most relevant one, though, given that the main point of the Shindell et al paper was methane's
indirect effect
on aerosols.
Therefore when you ask about the general effects of cloud feedbacks
on climate, you have moved well beyond the scope of a discussion about
aerosol second
indirect effects.
Still there remains a question in my mind about the relative importance of the GHG warming and the
aerosol indirect effects
on «global dimming».
The bottom line is that uncertainties in the physics of
aerosol effects (warming from black carbon, cooling from sulphates and nitrates,
indirect effects
on clouds,
indirect effects
on snow and ice albedo) and in the historical distributions, are really large (as acknowledged above).
Based
on NASA's CMIP5 forcing model, year 2012 has a greenhouse forcing of 3.54 Wm2, ozone has 0.45 Wm2, atmospheric
aerosols have -0.89 Wm2 combined direct /
indirect, and land use has -0.19 Wm2, all based
on iRF.
The top panel shows the direct effects of the individual components, while the second panel attributes various
indirect factors (associated with atmospheric chemistry,
aerosol cloud interactions and albedo effects) and includes a model estimate of the «efficacy» of the forcing that depends
on its spatial distribution.
8 - 58): either (i) the IPCC calculation doesn't include the
indirect effects of methane
on the oxidation of SO2 to sulfur
aerosols or (ii) the effects are included, but subsequent research found a smaller effect.
In models that include
indirect effects, different treatments of the
indirect effect are used, including changing the albedo of clouds according to an off - line calculation (e.g., Tett et al., 2002) and a fully interactive treatment of the effects of
aerosols on clouds (e.g., Stott et al., 2006b).
In addition, some models include the
indirect effects of tropospheric sulphate
aerosols on clouds (e.g., Tett et al., 2002), whereas others consider only the direct radiative effect (e.g., Meehl et al., 2004).
Given our very short and spotty data
on the relative abundance (or importance) of the majority of these
aerosols, and given our very poor understanding of the direct,
indirect, and side effects of the majority of these
aerosols, any numbers that anyone generates about their abundance, importance, or total radiative forcing are going to be a SWAG.
The effect
on global - mean temperature of assuming a large value for
indirect aerosol forcing (viz. − 1.8 W / m2 in 2005, the 95th percentile value according to the IPCC AR4) compared with temperatures for the central
indirect forcing estimate (− 0.7 W / m2) and a less extreme maximum of − 1.1 W / m2.
The effect
on radiative forcing of assuming different values for
indirect aerosol forcing.
Additionally, changes in anthropogenic sulfate
aerosol forcing have been proposed as the dominant cause of the AMV and the historical multidecadal variations in Atlantic tropical storm frequency, based
on some model simulations including
aerosol indirect effects.
(Note: the biggest issue is climate sensitivity, with a secondary issue being the magnitude of modes of natural internal variability
on multi-decadal time scales, and tertiary issues associated model inadequacies in dealing with
aerosol - cloud processes and solar
indirect effects.)
In our study, the biggest
aerosol effect
on climate came from the effect of
aerosol - cloud
indirect effect.
«Here, it is sufficient to note that many of the 20CEN / A1B simulations neglect negative forcings arising from stratospheric ozone depletion, volcanic dust, and
indirect aerosol effects
on clouds... It is likely that omission of these negative forcings contributes to the positive bias in the model average TLT trends in Figure 6F.
The experiments were performed with ModelE2, a new version of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences (GISS) coupled general circulation model that includes three different versions for the atmospheric composition components: a noninteractive version (NINT) with prescribed composition and a tuned
aerosol indirect effect (AIE), the TCAD version with fully interactive
aerosols, whole - atmosphere chemistry, and the tuned AIE, and the TCADI version which further includes a parameterized first
indirect aerosol effect
on clouds.
My impression is that it is the advent of models incorporating
indirect aerosol effects — the effects
aerosols have
on climate through their modification of clouds — that has really brought this question to the forefront.
But including
aerosol indirect effects
on radiative forcing has made it easier to generate a greater variety of 20th century simulations without affecting other aspects of the climate simulation as strongly.
This review paper outlines the rationale for long - term monitoring of the global distribution of natural and anthropogenic
aerosols and clouds with specificity, accuracy, and coverage necessary for a reliable quantification of the direct and
indirect aerosol effects
on climate.
However, model complexity is necessary to quantify the anthropogenic impact
on climate via the
aerosol direct and
indirect effects.
«We found that
aerosol indirect effect
on deep convective cloud systems could lead to enhanced regional convergence and a strong top - of - atmosphere warming.»
However, the total influence
on monsoon precipitation of temporally varying direct and
indirect effects of various
aerosol species is still not resolved and the subject of active research.
Aerosol collections on the NOAA Ron Brown for subsequent processing of INP activation temperature spectra and composition analyses, add a valuable measurement to the ACAPEX and related CalWater2 (NOAA) studies for use in parameterizing and modeling the impacts of marine boundary layer and other aerosols on climate and radiation via aerosol - indirect effects on mixed phase
Aerosol collections
on the NOAA Ron Brown for subsequent processing of INP activation temperature spectra and composition analyses, add a valuable measurement to the ACAPEX and related CalWater2 (NOAA) studies for use in parameterizing and modeling the impacts of marine boundary layer and other
aerosols on climate and radiation via
aerosol - indirect effects on mixed phase
aerosol -
indirect effects
on mixed phase clouds.
The current focus of the program is
aerosol radiative forcing of climate:
aerosol formation and evolution and
aerosol properties that affect direct and
indirect influences
on climate and climate change.»
While it is impossible to know what decisions are made in the development process of each model, it seems plausible that choices are made based
on agreement with observations as to what parameterizations are used, what forcing datasets are selected, or whether an uncertain forcing (e.g. mineral dust, land use) or feedback (
indirect aerosol effect) is incorporated or not.
Additional runs for 2000 with 1850 climate and for 2030 and 2100 (RCP 8.5) with 2000 emissions are designed to separate the effects of climate change
on constituents and for isolating
aerosol indirect effects more cleanly using the clear - sky / all - sky flux diagnostics.
The
Indirect and Semi-Direct
Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) field campaign, deployed from Barrow, Alaska,
on a Canadian National Research Council Convair - 580 jet in April 2008, provided improved observations of two new cases of single - layer, mixed - phase, stratiform clouds that are well - suited to test our understanding of ice formation.
Your answer was «Narrowing of uncertainty in the
aerosol indirect effect» Has this been a subject of comment
on this blog?
On the other hand, if some of the anthropogenic
aerosols act as ice nuclei, supercooled clouds could be converted into ice clouds by the glaciation
indirect effect (Lohmann, 2002), resulting in more efficient precipitation formation.
Other types of forcing that vary across the ensemble include solar variability, the
indirect effects of
aerosols on clouds and the effects of land use change
on land surface albedo and other land surface properties (Table 10.1).
The probabilistic analyses of DAI reported in this section draw substantially
on (subjective) Bayesian probabilities to describe key uncertainties in the climate system, such as climate sensitivity, the rate of oceanic heat uptake, current radiative forcing, and
indirect aerosol forcing.
These agents include tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, all of the non-sulphate
aerosols, the
indirect effects of
aerosols on cloud albedo and lifetime, the effects of land use and solar variability.
Aerosols have a direct and
indirect effect
on albedo.
The direct and
indirect effects of human - related
aerosols on radiation, cloud, precipitation, and so
on, might play an important role in generating the opposite signal in the weekend effect for different seasons.
When Aldrin adds a fixed cloud lifetime effect of -0.25 W / m ^ 2 forcing
on top of his variable parameter direct and (1st)
indirect aerosol forcing, the mode of the sensitivity PDF increases from 1.6 to 1.8.
The cases for more complex chemical and
aerosol effects were becoming clear, but the scientific community was unable at the time to reach general agreement
on the existence, scale and magnitude of these
indirect effects.
When
aerosol indirect effects
on cloud cover were included, tropospheric (anthropogenic)
aerosol efficacy reduced from 1.14 to 0.99.
I started by regressing
on all nine series: there are separate series for direct and
indirect aerosol forcing.
In terms of sulphate
aerosols, both the direct radiative effects and the
indirect effects
on clouds were acknowledged, but the importance of carbonaceous
aerosols from fossil fuel and biomass combustion was not recognised (Chapters 2, 7 and 10).
This study will examine the current state of knowledge regarding the direct and
indirect radiative forcing effects of gases,
aerosols, land use, and solar variability
on the climate of the Earth's surface and atmosphere and it will identify research needed to improve our understanding of these effects.