A recent review summarizing the increasing literature on links between maternal — infant relationships and asthma development, noted that
only correlational, not causal links have been established.
These results are
only correlational in nature, leaving open a range of possible causal explanations.
This is becoming increasingly important as those using VAM - based data are using them to make causal claims, when
only correlational (or in simpler terms relational) claims can and should be made.
The Bradford - Hill criteria were devised in 1965 by British epidemiologist and statistician Sir Austin Bradford Hill to assess causality when
only correlational data are available.
Not exact matches
In addition, the new study is the first to provide information on self - reported aggression of drivers in the Republic of Ireland and is also the first to support the proposed relationship between impulsivity and driving anger with more than
correlational analysis, which provides
only limited information about the relationships between variables.
This study of 1,159 seventh graders, using both a
correlational and quasi-experimental approach, compared students participating in the Concept - Oriented Reading Instruction (CORI) program who also had traditional instruction to students in
only a traditional reading / language arts program.
Even the best evaluated programs may
only have before - and - after data or
correlational evidence.
Of the studies that exist,
only a few have statistically controlled variables: Most are case or
correlational studies and rely on data self - reported by school districts.
Given the
correlational nature of our data, it is impossible to establish cause - effect implications; therefore we could
only discuss associations among our variables.
This is
correlational data and as such
only shows a relationship between these two variables.
Alternatively, given the
correlational nature of the relevant analyses, the reverse effect might be plausible (if less likely, intuitively): good friendship quality could lead to friends being more likely to meet in both online and face - to - face settings while lower quality friendships could lead to meeting one another
only in online or offline settings.