When it came to online -
only social interactions, like wall posts and private messages,
moderate levels were associated with the lowest
risk of death.
Nevertheless, recent studies have begun to question whether incidental instruction through book reading may be substantial enough to significantly boost children's oral vocabulary development.19 Several meta - analyses, for example, have reported
only small to
moderate effects
of book reading on vocabulary development.20 One group
of researchers examined the added benefits
of dialogic reading, an interactive reading strategy, on children's vocabulary growth and reported
only modest gains for 2 - to 3 - year - olds.21 Further, these effects were reduced to negligible
levels when children were 4 to 5 years old or when they were at
risk for language and literacy impairments.