Such judgments seem to demand
an ontological dualism of the human and the natural that is incompatible with Whiteheadian process philosophy.
Insofar as a disciplinary dualism is entailed by panexperientialism, it involves not
an ontological dualism between two kinds of individuals, but only an organizational duality between compound individuals, such as animals, and aggregational societies, such as rocks.
Kim has been led to a dead end because, correctly seeing that a nonreductive materialism is impossible, 8 he believes that there are only three other options, all of which are extremely problematic: reductive materialism, which reduces the psychological to the physical (as conventionally understood); eliminative materialism, which, realizing that reduction is impossible, excludes the psychological from its ontology; and
ontological dualism, which rejects physicalism altogether.
The implication of
ontological dualism, of opposing good and evil powers, is the price paid for separating God from evil, and it is a high price indeed, for it suggests that the place of evil is the world (and ourselves) and that to escape evil's clutches, we need to free ourselves from «the world, the flesh, and the devil.»
In place of accepting a basic
ontological dualism between «act» and «potency» as distinct metaphysical principles at the root of being, he suggests that for material existence the concepts of «act» and «potency» or «matter» and «form» can be seen as two aspects of just one single complex of contingency.
Not exact matches
The basic traditional metaphysical
dualism of universal form and individual remained, but the
ontological primacy was just flipped from formality to «material» individuality.
Daly described Whitehead's thought as a unity of technical and
ontological reason, intended to overcome the
dualism of intellectuality and shallow objective consciousness.
This point is affirmed not only by panexperientialism's insistence on the «
ontological principle,» according to which only actualities can act (PR 19, 24, 43), but also by its rejection of both
dualism and supernaturalism.
They apparently reject any
dualism that would give to mind a separate
ontological status.
The subject - predicate dogma, the scholastic
dualism Descartes seemed unable to reject, only obscures some of the truly important aspects of the cogito which inspired Whitehead's
ontological principle.
We had opposed on
ontological grounds the
dualisms of mind and body, of humanity and nature, even of God and world.
l) For an excellent discussion of
ontological physical reductionism as a fission product of Cartesian
dualism, see Jonas 1966, pp. 38 - 92.