This varies with snow load, which is reportedly higher because of the warmer
open water area in 2012.
When seasonal ice retreat occurs early, low -
albedo open water areas are exposed early, which gain a lot of energy from the sun.
In the Arctic Ocean, the largest losses have been in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas where
large open water areas opened up within the ice pack.
Marsh creation projects use sediment from the Mississippi River or nearby water bottoms to build land in
shallow open water areas, typically where land has recently been lost.
Perhaps the ice had been thinned by ocean currents that deliver warm water from below, or by the wind, which could
generate open water areas.
As dark ocean surfaces absorb more light than white ice surfaces, solar heat input through the open water melts sea ice, increasing both
open water areas and heat input and thus accelerating sea ice melt.
Marsh creation or «dredging» uses sediment from the Mississippi River, nearby water bottoms or offshore shoals to build land in shallow,
open water areas, typically where land has been lost.
Far more certainly there will be changes in surface reflectivity; changes in snow and ice cover,
open water area, regions of desert, vegetation patterns etc..
A 40 % concentration cutoff;
open water areas could have sea ice at concentrations less than 40 %.
High sea surface temperatures in
open water areas were important in limiting ice growth.
This resulted from the combined effects of high sea surface temperatures in
open water areas and the effects of atmospheric circulation drawing warm air into the region.
In part, these high temperatures resulted from high sea surface temperatures over
the open water areas.
The open water areas in the highest latitudes at the date of the minimum in September had only recently formed and there was little input of solar radiation so far north.
Sea ice extent for early July 2013 (Figure 5) shows anomalous
open water areas in Baffin Bay, Hudson Bay, Kara Sea, and north of the Barents Sea, with substantial open water areas within the sea ice pack north of Siberia.
Sea ice extent for early July (Figure 4) shows not only anomalous
open water areas in Baffin Bay, Hudson Bay, Kara Sea, and north of the Barents Sea, but also substantial open water areas within the central sea ice pack west of Banks Island and northeast of the New Siberian Islands.