This question is addressed for suggested solar forcing mechanisms
operating on time scales from billions of years to decades.
Little is known about the feedbacks
operating on these time scales and for high CO2 climates.
In the atmosphere these processes
operate on time scales of hours to days.
The cyclic ocean currents (for example)
operate on time scales similar to the solar cycle.
Atmospheric processes that generate internal variability are known to
operate on time scales ranging from virtually instantaneous (e.g., condensation of water vapour in clouds) up to years (e.g., troposphere - stratosphere or inter-hemispheric exchange).
Not exact matches
Some pundits and companies have found the cost prohibitive for firms
operating on a smaller
scale than behemoth Google, but at least one tech company is willing to take the idea and run with it — big
time.
Although these innovations are
operating on different
time scales — MPLs are an immediate consideration, and blockchain - based supply chains could take a few years to mature — wholesale bankers need to get up to speed
on each, at an equal degree of urgency.
«Tracing and controlling electrons in solids will enable us to identify the most promising routes for novel ultrafast electronics and photonics
operating on sub-fs
time scales and at Petahertz clocking rates,» Goulielmakis said.
For instance, long - period ocean waves called Kelvin waves, which
operate on the same
time scale as El Niños, could also be a factor.
The Innovative and Novel Computational Impact
on Theory and Experiment (INCITE) program promotes transformational advances in science and technology for computationally and / or data intensive, large -
scale research projects through large allocations of computer
time and supporting resources at the Argonne and Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (LCF) centers,
operated by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science.
«Our results show, for the first
time, how the density wave
operates on a cloud - cloud
scale, and how it promotes and prevents star formation in spiral arms,» Aalto said.
«
Operating on a sliding tuition
scale that slides all the way to zero when necessary, we are a learning community of about forty - five children, with many from low - income families, and eight full -
time teachers supported by numerous talented and creative volunteers and interns.
At the
time, there happened to be a veterinary clinic that
operated on a sliding income
scale, so you paid what you could afford, dependent
on income.
Whether it's me working with Tommie Smith or me working in the world of magic with Derek DelGaudio or with biologists, it's really about connecting different systems and learning how to
operate on different
time scales.
Many contemporary approaches to conceptual art have become nearly synonymous with vastness, and at
times just as romantic, in the sense that the experience of an idea is expected to
operate on a
scale of largeness, and infinitude.
They
operated on all of the levels that I wanted them to —
scale, the complexity of subject, the treatment [of paint and technique]-- all of those things seemed to come together in those two pictures in a way that I had always been struggling with before, but had hit right
on the mark at that
time.»
The carbonized patterns appearing throughout the gallery trace histories of energy expenditure and modulate the register of the legibility of the heating element from the practical and material to the grammatically and symbolically charged; networks of modern electrical consumption are juxtaposed by the spiral - as - trace to cyclical, sun - gazing longevities
operating on scales removed by orders of magnitude from those of commodity
time.
Buildings are complex networks of diverse systems
operating on multiple
scales across
time.
The oceanic boundary layer (the thermocline), with its much more vast reservoirs of heat,
operates on much longer
time scales.
Why don't you consider that you might have a dozen of Lorenz - type attractors, all
operating on a certain spectrum of
time and space
scales, and intertwined to different degrees via their coefficients and «forcing» terms?
If we decide, as Lomborg suggests, to focus exclusively
on a handful of top priorities at the expense of all others, especially those that are more complex and
operate over longer
time scales, such as Climate Change, we are doing little more than arranging the Titanic's proverbial deck - chairs.
Your finding of a «long tail» to the remaining 7 to 20 % of the CO2 seems to hinge entirely
on the ocean - acidity / CaCO3 argument and a neglect of other chemical and terrestrial sequestration processes which
operate on short
time scales.
Going back to Ed Davies and Rasmus» replies at # 2: We know that there are feedbacks and system responses (e.g. ocean convection and advection of energy) that
operate on various
time scales.
Other feedbacks in the climate system also
operate on longer
time scales, e.g. permafrost carbon.
It's like worrying about the state of security of Soviet nuclear warheads, but where you have no idea what kind of terrorists there might be out there and what their capabilities are — and
on what
time scales they
operate.
Standard error involves both natural variability (including that not well understood because it
operates on long
time scales, and therefore has not been observed during the period of modern technology) as well as measurement error (or error / uncertainty in the proxies).
The various «climate - controlling» factors
operate on very different
time -
scales.
But
on larger
scales (both in space and
time) the earth is a planet of our local star; the sun is our only source of (purely radiative) energy; we have an atmosphere which clearly
operates to reduce diurnal variations in temperature (which
on black body basis would otherwise be huge,
on human
scale) and the radiative budget must always be exactly in balance.
Just the right amount of negative feedback can produce homeostasis, neatly stabilizing things, but often the various competing processes
operate on different
time scales, making it hard to keep things balanced.
By «falling towards equilibrium» I mean that equilibrium is never achieved but always oscillates around an equilibrium point, with each variable presumably
operating on a number of different
time scales.
Ocean dynamics
operate on a
scale and
time scale which preclude certainty and, as you point out in your paragraph above, this is where uncertainty reigns.
Note that I am not necessarily claiming that this is the feedback
operating on the long
time scales associated with global warming — only that it is the average feedback involved in the climate fluctuations occurring during the period when the satellite was making its measurements.
Ocean «weather» (recall weather is chaotic)
operates on a
time -
scale comparable to that of atmospheric «climate» (also chaotic).
These rapid changes in atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations are also recorded during the Heinrich Stadials of MIS 3, demonstrating an important mechanism that
operates on centennial
time scales during the glacial and deglaciation, which may point to important thresholds in the global carbon cycle.
We also obtain an empirical estimate of f = 2 - 4 for the fast feedback processes (water vapor, clouds, sea ice)
operating on 10 - 100 year
time scales by comparing the cooling due to slow or specified changes (land ice, CO2, vegetation) to the total cooling at 18K.
At this
time, the cheapest generating system is based
on coal and gas — with relatively small
scale opportunistic generation using hydro, landfill gas, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc depending
on resource availability, local construction and
operating costs and local distribution costs that vary with technology.
Other components of the climate system, such as the ocean and the large ice sheets, tend to
operate on longer
time scales.
... even if the [estimated 6.1 Wm - 2 / K] do [es] represent feedbacks
operating on intraseasonal to interannual
time scales it is not obvious how they relate to long - term climate sensitivity.
This portion of the tariff is calculated based
on the number of full
time employees or an
operating budget
scale.
GameOn is built
on AWS's cloud infrastructure and works
on any
operating system, enabling you to
scale quickly and invest more
time in what you do best — designing great games.
We've been hearing for over a year now that Microsoft is working
on a Project Andromeda — an adaptable
operating system that
scales in real
time depending
on the active screen it uses.