According to a year's worth of data sent back from the European Space Agency's Venus Express
orbiter launched in November 2005, the second planet from the sun is nothing like Earth — from its torrid surface to the upper reaches of its acid - laced atmosphere.
The scientists relied on data from the pair of GRACE satellites — NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
orbiters launched in 2002 — that measure subtle changes in Earth's gravitational field, which are often the result of shifting water, whether on the surface or deep beneath it.
The country's first lunar forays —
orbiters launched in 2007 and 2010 — were more engineering demonstrations than scientific missions, but that changed with the first lander, Chang «e-3.
Its next phase will be the Europa Clipper mission, a Jupiter
orbiter launching in the 2020s to study the watery depths beneath the Jovian moon's icy crust.
An illustration of the Rosetta
orbiter launching its Philae lander onto Comet 67P / Churyumov - Gerasimenko.
Not exact matches
To get there, the China National Space Administration has already
launched two unmanned
orbiters and plans to build a manned space station by 2020.
But the agency says this year's budget shortfall will force it to delay the
launch of the program's second
orbiter by 14 to 18 months, beyond the expected lifetime of the first satellite.
If all goes as planned, joint European - U.S. projects will yield an
orbiter ready for
launch in 2016 and two rovers in 2018.
NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter (LRO), slated to
launch this fall, will pave the way by analyzing the composition of the soil, the temperature, and unexplored regions of the moon.
The first ExoMars mission, the Trace Gas
Orbiter,
launched this past March, and will attempt to nail down the existence and source of methane gas, which has mysteriously come and gone over the years.
The space shuttle program has just three
launches before the
orbiters are retired later this year or early in 2011, and Obama has proposed scrapping the shuttle program's successor, known as Constellation, which was first sketched out by President George W. Bush in 2004.
The spending plan would direct NASA to
launch the
orbiter by 2022 and the lander by 2024.
Set for
launch in 2009, the Mars Telecommunications
Orbiter will become the hub of a network linking the current Mars Global Surveyor and the Mars Odyssey, along with Europe's Mars Express
Orbiter, en route to Mars, and the upcoming Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter.
«You would think that making the case for a new
orbiter would be easy,» Dreier says, «but so far NASA has been unable or unwilling to commit to starting one for
launch in the early 2020s.»
JAXA hopes that their Selene lunar
orbiter, scheduled for
launch next year, will lay some of the groundwork for populating the moon.
The accident investigation board determined that a piece of foam broke free during
launch and destroyed thermal tiles shielding the
orbiter's wing.
The techniques will become more important as bigger solar observatories come online, such as the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope to be built in Hawaii later this decade, and the European Space Agency's Solar
Orbiter, due to be
launched in 2017.
JAPAN Since its first
launch in 1970, the country has lofted numerous Earth - observation satellites, a spacecraft powered by a solar sail, and SELENE, a lunar
orbiter that mapped the moon's surface.
Dozens of unmanned spacecraft, including
orbiters, landers, and rovers, have been
launched toward Mars since the 1960s.
India is preparing to
launch an
orbiter to Mars next month that would search for methane, a sign of possible life, in the martian atmosphere.
The
launch of the lunar
orbiter hardly made news in the United States.
Immediately after
launch, Japanese astronaut Soichi Noguchi took video of the external tank as it separated from the
orbiter while fellow astronaut Andy Thomas snapped digital photographs.
The first off the block will probably be the Wide - Field Infrared Explorer, a four - month low - Earth
orbiter scheduled for
launch in September 1998.
Also, a European Space Agency (ESA)
orbiter,
launched separately, would focus on the planet's largest moon Ganymede, while a Japanese probe would monitor Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Test satellites
launched in April and November demonstrated that the company's engineers can accurately position the
orbiters and capture a continuous stream of images with a resolution of three to five meters — fine enough to distinguish individual trees in a rainforest, but not sharp enough to identify a person tending his garden.
In September two GRAIL lunar
orbiters will
launch, and in November the most sophisticated of all Mars rovers, Curiosity, will blast off.
NASA missions planned for
launch a year from now — the Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter and Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)-- should provide a clearer picture, and India's Chandrayaan - 1 mission will carry a less sensitive radar system.
It and other Martian volcanoes act like skate ramps to
launch dust up to 75 kilometres above the planet's surface, observations from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter (MRO) have revealed.
India's Mars
Orbiter Mission (MOM), which
launched on 5 November, should also arrive at Mars in late 2014.
If LIGO - India becomes a reality, it will also boost India's burgeoning science credentials, coming hot on the heels of the
launch of the country's first Mars
orbiter last year.
It was
launched with the European Space Agency's ExoMars Trace Gas
Orbiter (TGO) in March and has already travelled just under half of its nearly 500 million km journey.
After MAVEN, the next potential relay to
launch will be the European Space Agency's ExoMars Trace Gas
Orbiter, which won't arrive at the Red Planet until late 2016.
The Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter,
launching this week, will set the stage for the planned U.S. return to the moon by surveying locations and resources
When Iridium Communications begins
launching replacement
orbiters in 2015, it will do much more than upgrade its satphone services.
In the first phase that
launched in March, Schiaparelli shared a ride with the Trace Gas
Orbiter (TGO), which will search the martian atmosphere for methane and other gases that could signal life.
Mars Odyssey, an orbiting craft
launched in 2001, and Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter (MRO), sent into space four years later in 2005, paved the way for Phoenix by identifying a safe landing spot from orbit.
It includes the European Venus Explorer (EVE), which would be
launched in the 2016 - 2018 time frame and would include a balloon to float in the atmosphere, a probe that would descend to the surface, and an
orbiter; and the Venera - D mission by Russia, to
launch in 2016, which could include a lander.
If NOAA's fails, as roughly one out of every 10 do during or right after
launch, U.S. civilian polar
orbiter coverage might suffer a gap of four years or more.
Now the
launch of the test
orbiter (overseen by NASA) is delayed until April 2009 and the first replacement is pushed to 2012, NOAA and Defense Department officials testified before the House of Representatives science committee in November.
The most recent failure before November accident occurred in 1996, when Russia lost its Mars - 96
orbiter during
launch.
MAVEN is now sitting in a cleanroom, where engineers are testing and fueling the
orbiter ahead of its planned Nov. 18
launch from Kennedy toward the Red Planet.
In 2012, the Indian space agency, ISRO, announced that a Venus
orbiter would be
launched next year, but no details have emerged since then.
Useful for
launching larger interplanetary science payloads such as Asteroid Redirect Mission, Mars Sample Return, Jupiter Europa
Orbiter, Saturn / Titan Sample Return, Ice Giant Exploration, Outer Planet Sample Return, Large Telescopes and In - Space Infrastructres.
Launched on June 2, 2003 atop a Soyuz - FG rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, the
orbiter arrived at Mars on December 25 of that year.
Big heavy missions are slower, but using NASA's Space
Launch System rocket will make it faster and the arrival times will be sometime in the 2030s or after for an
orbiter.
For an
orbiter mission it will take longer because it will be more expensive and that might not
launch until the late 2020s.
Launched in 1996, the
orbiter found intriguing hints of running water and confirmed that the famous «Face of Mars» was a trick of the light.
There are three other missions as part of this initiative, including JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer, an L - class mission intended for a 2022
launch), Solar
Orbiter (M1, intended for a 2017
launch), and Euclid (M2, intended for a 2020
launch).
The India Space Research Organisation, ISRO, is preparing for the
launch of its Mars
Orbiter Mission by November 2013, which will see the Mangalyaan Mars probe lift off from ISRO's
launch site at Sriharikota, on the east coast of the India mainland.
Our Group has built the magnetometer instrument on the ESA Solar
Orbiter spacecraft due for
launch in 2019 and has scientific involvement in the NASA Parker Solar Probe mission,
launching in 2018.