In particular, it has been difficult in empirical studies to rule out the possibility that evolvability arises and is maintained as a byproduct of selection on
organismal features more directly related to fitness.
Taxonomically - restricted genes, especially those that seem to have arisen de novo from non-coding sequence [50]--[55], are likely more crucial to
organismal fitness than previously recognized [56], and it is becoming clear that these genes may be a common
feature of many genomes [38], [57], [58].