Sentences with phrase «other alleles»

There are two other alleles, kbr, and ky..

Again, the issue is that once an allele becomes disproportionately represented, the other alleles are quickly lost, i.e. allele fixation.

Although the probability of a parent donating one or the other allele to an offspring is for the most part 50/50, the actual donations do not reflect this.5 probability (e.g. consider how many families have all boys or all girls).

An allele which dominates early in the game has a very high probability of completely excluding the other allele from the population.

For example, Clone # 5 had only a 10 - bp insertion / 4 - bp deletion on one allele and a 1 - bp insertion on the other allele at the editing site.

However as we look at many genomes with this method, we discover that the rate of non-SNP alleles we call is high, and in some cases they occur at loci with simple SNP variants on the other allele.

Thus, tumors with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 9p21 - the chromosomal location of p16 - should have a high frequency of intragenic mutations in the other allele that block gene function.

ii) HNPCC: germ line inactivation of one allele of either of the mismatch repair genes MSH2 or MLH1 in combination with somatic inactivation of the other allele leads to an increase in the mutation rate, which in turn speeds up the adenoma to carcinoma progression.

If it only has one, the other allele must be at (ie Afghans, Collies, Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Dachshund, Norwich Terrier, Staffordshire Terrier).

Not exact matches

Every gene in (almost) every cell of the body is present in two variants — so called alleles: one is deriving from the mother, the other one from the father.

However, for a few genes, only one allele is expressed, while the other one is silenced.

Those carrying two copies of the other variant — the G allele — remembered the least, with the performance of those carrying one copy of each variant lying somewhere in the middle.

Malaria, on the other hand, ebbs and flows over time, so the physiological benefits associated with the sickle - cell allele may be tempered.

While natural selection favours the accumulation of fit alleles of beneficial genes, the majority of chromosomes in many organisms are composed of «selfish DNA ``, which does not benefit its host and seems to play no other role other than ensuring its own replication.

Having this allele reduces the risk of severe malaria by about 40 % in Kenyan children, with a slightly smaller effect across all the other populations studied.

What they found somewhat surprising is that some Neanderthal alleles are associated with lighter skin tones and others with darker skin tones.

The other examined how allele frequencies can change within a lifetime.

One Nanog allele had a green reporter, while the other had a red reporter, allowing Faddah to determine which of the two alleles was being expressed.

The vitality of a bee population depends on, amongst other things, the genetic diversity of sex determining alleles.

In 15 of the brain samples, researchers found that one copy of DRD2 was producing at least 50 percent more mRNA than the other one; in the remaining brains, they discovered that both alleles produced equal amounts.

The team uncovered strong signs of this imbalance between rare alleles and heterozygosity in two populations — one, in people living today in the Middle East, and the other in the Yakut, who live near the Bering Strait.

The variant allele disrupts predicted binding sites for two transcription factors (MEF2C and CDX2) and creates possible binding sites for at least two others.

Furthermore, XPTTD patient XP38BR carried a «causative» TTD mutation in one allele and a novel point mutation encoding XPDL485P in the other.

To test their reasoning they conducted a second experiment by crossing mice carrying the prostate - specific IGF - 1R knockout alleles with transgenic mice that develop spontaneous prostate cancer when p53 and select other genes are compromised.

These characterizations were requisite because work by others demonstrated that expression of a constitutively active form of another DGK allele important in regulating DAG levels in T cells, DGKα, resulted in developmental blockade of T cells between progression from DN to DP (40).

The allele Rmcfr determines resistance and occurs in strains DBA / 1, DBA / 2, and CBA / Ca; the allele Rmcfs determines susceptibility and occurs in strains AKR / J, C57BL / 6, BALB / c, CBA / J, NFS, NZB, 129 / J, and many others.

The researchers set a cutoff, 80 percent expression of one allele or the other, for calling a gene as imprinted.

A 50 % reduction in HDAC4 restored these and other electrophysiological changes in both the R6 / 2 model, a transgenic over-expresser of Exon 1 HTT with an expanded polyglutamine repeat, and heterozygous Q175 knock - in mice (Q175 + / --RRB-, which carry one normal and one mutant HTT allele with an expanded repeat of ~ 190 polyglutamines, in addition to reversing behavioral alterations in R6 / 2 mice (Mielcarek et al, 2013; PLOS Biology, in press).

SM / J mice carry a number of rare polymorphic alleles and are often matched to other strains for quantitative trait locus analysis.

The D - statistics revealed that no domesticated horse shares more derived alleles than any other domesticated horse with the ancient horses when examining quartets, including two domesticated horses, one ancient horse, and the domestic donkey (Domesticated1, Domesticated2; Ancient, Donkey).

These false hits can arise when cells select one allele for other reasons — it could be random or specific to the allele's sequence, rather than its parent of origin.

Allele frequency shifts under the amplifications: it looks like ERBB2 has 2 extra copies, and the other amplification has 3 or 4.

Surprisingly, this MHC requirement could be satisfied by alleles other than the restricting haplotype.

Performing genetic studies in multiple human populations can identify disease risk alleles that are common in one population but rare in others, with the potential to illuminate pathophysiology, health disparities, and the population genetic origins of disease alleles.

Though not as common as other forms of variation (e.g. SNPs), STRs have many measurable alleles: with about a dozen well - chosen STRs you can match one DNA sample to another with very high precision.

These mutant kinases are attractive therapeutic targets, as demonstrated by the efficacy of imatinib in BCR - ABL — positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 5 as well as in MPD associated with activating alleles involving PDGFRA or PDGFRB.2, 6,7 In addition, activating mutations in the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase are the most common genetic event in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and specific inhibitors of the FMS - like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) have entered late - stage clinical trials.8 Although mutations in tyrosine kinases and in other genes have been identified in a subset of MPD and AML, in many cases the genetic events that contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of these diseases remain unknown.

Allele frequency shifts for FMR1 and MSN from O. c. algirus to O. c. cuniculus are abrupt and few introgressed alleles are found in the other subspecies territory.

(J) A combination of other psq alleles besides psqrum also produces embryos showing terminal defects in addition to a lack of most abdominal segments.

(G — I) Heteroallelic combinations of psqrum with other psq alleles also give rise to terminal phenotypes.

However, it took whole - genome sequencing to identify the second disease allele, a heterozygous ~ 55 kb deletion spanning at least three other exons in the gene.

In contrast, more than 70 other common alleles have been associated with breast cancer susceptibility, most of which confer only a mild to moderate increase in risk.

Analysis of cancers in the pedigree of the proband carrying the S98R variant and in two other pedigrees carrying clear loss - of - function alleles showed the presence of BAP1 - associated cancers such as renal cell carcinoma, mesothelioma and meningioma, but not uveal melanoma.

Many of the strains received have been made congenic, including 87 alleles on a C57BL / 6NCrl background, and several on other backgrounds including BALB / cJ and 129S6 / SvEvTac.

We have identified common alleles of genes that contribute significantly to both of the principal processes involved in obesity — basic energy metabolism on the one hand and the regulation of appetite on the other,» said Kari Stefansson, CEO of deCODE.

To give rise to the data observed in the present, the lineages of the derived alleles must coalesce among each other before they coalesce to any non-derived lineage.

The MMRRC at UC Davis received 604 strains for a total of 495 mutant alleles, including the secreted and trans - membrane protein models, and knockout models targeting 23 other genes from the Genentech and Lexicon Pharmaceutical collaboration.

These observations support the notion that BECN1 is a haploid - insufficient tumor suppressor gene and distinguish it from other classic tumor suppressors that require both alleles be inactivated in promoting tumorigenesis.

BRCA1 is a classical tumor suppressor and it is inactivated only when both gene copies / alleles are mutated (one by germ - line mutation and the other by somatic mutation).

The workshop will also discuss other well described syndromes such as Li - Fraumeni germline TP53 mutations as well as inherited lymphoid malignancies and pedigrees of high interest that have no known genetic predisposition alleles identified.

11 ApoE4 heterozygotes (people with one allele) have a five-fold increased risk of developing AD, and homozygotes (two alleles) are estimated to have a staggering lifetime risk between 50 - 90 percent.12 Despite this seemingly damning genetic heritage, the ApoE4 allele is neither required nor sufficient for development of AD, as 50 percent of people with AD are not carriers, and some E4 homozygotes never develop the disease.13 On the other hand, the other known risk factor — hyperinsulinism — elevates risk by 43 percent independently of ApoE status.