With regards to
other associated problems influencing the development of antisocial behavior, the model suggests a reciprocal association between CD and substance use.
Not exact matches
Antenatal depression may not only alter development of stress - related biological systems in the fetus, but may also increase risk of obstetrical complications.6 Postnatal depression may also be an early life stressor given known associations with lower levels of sensitive, responsive care needed for infants» development of health attachment relationships, emotional regulation skills, interpersonal skills and stress response mechanisms.7 Early life stressors, such as those that might be
associated with maternal depression, can
influence brain development, which continues at a rapid pace at least for several years after birth.8
Problems in any of these aspects of development may disrupt the earliest stages of socio - emotional and cognitive development, predisposing to the later development of depression or
other disorders.
In fact, it is possible that child emotional or behavioral
problems lead to paternal and / or maternal mental health
problems, although the literature on maternal depression and
other aspects of maternal mental health clearly indicate that in most such cases it is maternal mental health that
influences child mental health.1, — , 12 Large sample sizes such as the 1 in this study sometimes result in statistically significant findings that may not be clinically significant, although this does not seem to be the case in this study, as paternal mental health
problems or depressive symptoms were
associated with considerably increased risks of child emotional or behavioral
problems.
Other shared risk factors might include a familial
influence on PTSD and substance use disorders, 12,13 personality traits, early conduct
problems, and family history of antisocial behavior, factors previously
associated with PTSD and with substance use disorders.1,6,36 - 39