If done improperly, it can initiate a host of
other behavioral problems later, such as bonding and dominance problems, problems with confidence, running away, and difficulties in training obedience commands.
Specifically, the ACE Study model relies strongly on the idea that adverse childhood experiences create a burden of psychological stress that changes behavior, cognitions, emotions, and physical functions in ways that promote subsequent health
problems and illness.22 Among the hypothesized pathways, adverse childhood experiences lead to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, which in turn can lead to substance abuse, sleep disorders, inactivity, immunosuppression, inflammatory responses, and inconsistent health care use, possibly leading to
other medical conditions
later in life.23, 24 Therefore, childhood
behavioral and emotional symptoms very likely represent a crucial mediator linking adverse childhood experiences and the longer term health - related
problems found in the ACE substudies.