Instead of focusing on the nearly immeasurable moment when a species ceases to exist, he and
other biologists say, science should focus harder on the forces that lead toward extinction — the destruction or fragmentation of habitat, the introduction of invasive species, the appropriation of water or other vital resources.
Matkin and
other biologists say there is no compelling historical evidence that large numbers of killer whales were ever dependent on the great whales wiped out by industrial whaling.
Not exact matches
But there are still more than enough eiders and
other sea ducks, and
biologists say they could stand greater gunning, thereby taking some of the pressure off
other ducks which are over-gunned.
Erica Ollmann Saphire, a structural
biologist at Scripps Research Institute,
said she and
other researchers are investigating whether
other antibodies could be more effective in fighting Ebola; she
said she thinks scientists could improve on the two of the three antibodies in the ZMapp cocktail.
Darwin's theory of natural selection is so powerful that we can find it hard to believe features can arise in
other ways,
says biologist John Bonner
«At face value, it looks very interesting,»
says Rudolf Jaenisch, a stem cell
biologist at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who hopes that
other teams will soon repeat the experiments.
The new study offers «yet another piece of information» that selecting for changes in behavior can trigger a host of
other changes in domesticated animals,
says Greger Larson, an evolutionary
biologist at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, who was not involved with the work.
What unites the sociologists, physicists,
biologists, and
other scientists studying networks is the recognition that «whether they're networks of people, computers, genes, [or] neurons, they often obey similar mathematical rules and have similar properties,»
says Nicholas Christakis, a professor of sociology and of medical sociology at Harvard Medical School in Boston.
But this — and several
other studies reported here — reveals how readily humpbacks around the world come up with new hunting strategies,
says Alexander Werth, a marine
biologist at Hampden - Sydney College in Virginia who was not involved with the work.
If the same holds true for
other species, Hunt
says, conservation
biologists may want to take sexual dimorphism into account when assessing species» vulnerability to current environmental threats.
For those of you who are physicists, geologists, or
other scientists who hate molecular biology — though those who hate it most are usually molecular
biologists — I'll simply
say that I needed to pick some random letters, and the letters I happened to pick turned out to be bad letters.
Transcripts from 65 percent of the genes incorporate pieces of DNA from relatively far outside of the genes or even from one or two
other genes,
says molecular
biologist and consortium member Tom Gingeras of Affymetrix, a genome technology company in Santa Clara, Calif..
«The Base in not well surveyed for most animal groups and given its location on Cuba, the extent of rare habitat, [and] the number of rare plants, there are bound to be many more discoveries to be made and we are promoting it to
other biologists as a research destination,» Droege
says.
For example, researchers can now see if body odor reflects
other conditions,
says Craig Roberts, a
biologist at the University of Liverpool in the United Kingdom: «It's important because it might help with noninvasive diagnosis of disease and potentially for biometric technology using genetically unique and distinct odors.»
Axel Meyer, an evolutionary
biologist at the University of Konstanz in Germany,
says that sharks, fish, and
other aquatic creatures have penislike appendages that evolved from finlike structures that had nothing to do with limbs.
Scientists knew that fruit flies, cockroaches, and
other simple organisms have sensory processors that resemble a cortex, but these were «always interpreted as a striking example of convergent evolution of unrelated structures,»
says molecular
biologist Raju Tomer, who led the study at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Germany.
Even as scientists in
other fields struggle to find jobs, computational
biologists are being snapped up as soon as they graduate with lucrative salary offers,
says Russ Altman, a professor of bioengineering, genetics, and medicine and director of the biomedical informatics training program at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.
The
biologists are gaining a deep understanding of why certain groups of three antibiotics interact well together, and
others don't,
said Van Savage, a co-author of the paper and a UCLA professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and of biomathematics.
Evolutionary
biologist Heike Feldhaar, who studies ants at the University of Würzburg, Germany,
says the new study is interesting because it highlights the growing awareness that factors
other than just relatedness are important in the lifestyle of social insects.
Hortense Dodo, a food molecular
biologist on the team,
says other attempts to solve the problem, such as immune therapy or vaccines, have failed so far (but see ScienceNOW, 10 March).
But
other genes were probably also involved, because hominid brain expansion took place in multiple stages over 2 million years,
says Ajit Varki, a molecular
biologist at the University of California, San Diego.
«Ravens in some cases are major predators on
other bird species, particularly those that nest in communities,»
says biologist William Boarman of the U.S. Geological Survey in San Diego.
Some
biologists say that's because the designation offers no protection beyond what's provided by
other parts of the act.
«The nakedness of humans is a glaring difference between humans and
other mammals,»
says evolutionary
biologist Mark Pagel of the University of Reading, U.K.. Although humans have about as many follicles as
other primates, the hairs are fine, exposing the skin and creating an evolutionary enigma.
A critic of the select agent program, molecular
biologist Richard Ebright of Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey,
says that several «substantive» and many
other «minor» changes in the memo «will improve U.S. select - agent oversight.»
GOATS and
other animals which fight by banging their horns together have highly efficient shock absorbers built into their skulls,
say two American
biologists.
And the trouble with extrapolating so much from mouse studies is that «nobody has actually shown over the long term how long these quote un-quote improvements persist, and we don't know whether it's broadly improving aspects of aging or it's specific to certain tissues,»
said Matt Kaeberlein, a
biologist who studies aging in dogs and
other animal models at the University of Washington.
The red cabbage palm was thought to be an ancient remnant mostly because «it didn't seem reasonable that the palms got there any
other way,»
says David Bowman, a
biologist at the University of Tasmania in Australia.
«At a time when
other developmental
biologists were taking a broad, traditional approach, he was taking long - term effects into consideration,» she
says.
«This is the closest thing to a smoking gun we've ever had,»
says Greger Larson, an evolutionary
biologist at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom who has studied the domestication of pigs, dogs, and
other animals.
Such observations give
biologists richer insights into animal behavior,
others say, and might help researchers learn more about the roots of human culture by clarifying what makes it distinctive.
Molecular
biologist Matt Kaeberlein of the University of Washington in Seattle
says the results are in line with work from his lab showing that slight differences in growth conditions, the genetic makeup of the yeast or
other factors can change the outcome of the experiment.
In a statement sent to Nature, reproductive
biologist Shoukhrat Mitalipov at the Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, who pioneered spindle transfer in primates and is currently seeking approval to perform human trials,
said that the strict US regulations are forcing researchers to move trials into
other countries.
«To an evolutionary
biologist,»
said Newberry, «it's important that language is maintained through a process of copying language; people learn language by copying
other people.
«Our team studied thousands of molecular clues in each of these samples, sifting through extensive data on the activity of genes, proteins and
other molecules to identify those of most interest,»
says Katrina Waters, a
biologist at PNNL and a corresponding author of the study.
Moreover, as genomes of
other animals are sequenced, «there will be a lot of biology that will be clarified,»
says Tom Pollard, a cell
biologist at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
«They've reached levels of toolmaking proficiency generally associated with an animal with a big brain, dextrous hands and symbolic language — in
other words humans,»
says Gavin Hunt, a
biologist at the University of Auckland.
«The beauty of these nanoparticles is that they will not deliver this drug to any
other place but the area of stress,»
says Heyu Ni, platelet
biologist at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, Canada, specifically referring to blood clot sites.
«Their cost of transport — the oxygen they use to move — is 48 percent lower than any
other swimming animal,»
says Bradford J. Gemmell, a marine
biologist at the University of South Florida.
«I think it's a very clever idea,»
says Dean Rosenthal, a molecular
biologist at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Van der Schans and Rosenthal
say they can also conceive of skin tests for
other chemical agents, such as phosgene, or industrial pollutants such as ethylene oxide — anything that has a way of getting under the skin.
Boris Worm, a marine
biologist at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, who two years ago predicted the collapse of seafood as a food source by 2048,
says Costello's work is noteworthy but adds that catch shares will work better when combined with
other tools, such as banning fishing in sensitive areas.
«In some cases, species have big morphological and behavioral changes with only a few genetic changes, and in
other cases, there is lots of genetic change with few visible results,»
said Matthew Hahn, a
biologist at Indiana University.
«This is done a lot within a traditional department at
other universities, but in our case it's done across what would normally be different departments, where you would have a chemist, a
biologist and a mathematician pitching in for one piece of equipment,»
says Holdway.
That means the animals move through the corridors and breed with
other populations,
says study author Stephen Mech, now a conservation
biologist at the University of Memphis in Tennessee.
It's an intriguing concept, muses evolutionary
biologist Joan Strassmann of Rice University in Houston, Texas, but she
says it's an open question whether this cheating will be common in nature, in part because cheaters might not easily find their way into
other colonies.
However,
other studies have not found that pesticides increase susceptibility to the fungus,
said Carlos Davidson, a
biologist and professor of environmental studies at San Francisco State University.
«Wasps are massive and could crunch them, but on the
other hand, ants are walking chemical factories,»
says behavioral
biologist Robert Jeanne of the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
«Clearly, estrogen regulates TLR8 and
other TLRs in ways that change the threshold of an inflammatory response, and female cells are hard wired to be more sensitive to this change,»
said Nicholas Young, PhD, a molecular
biologist with Ohio State's department of immunology who worked on the study.
Russell Burke, a
biologist at Hoftstra University in Hempstead, N.Y., who has studied Italian wall lizards in the U.S.,
says the species would be «at least as good as, and possibly better than»
other bio-indicators, such as mice and plants.
Although researchers knew that CONSTANS production levels varied, the new study shows that the protein is subject to «a whole
other level of regulation... that's controlled by these photoreceptors,»
says molecular
biologist Mark Doyle of the University of Wisconsin, Madison.