Beginning with the discovery of the first binary black hole merger, christened GW150914, three
other black hole mergers have been detected.
Since then, the 1000 - member LIGO team has spotted two
other black hole mergers, using its exquisitely sensitive L - shaped optical instruments called interferometers, which use lasers and mirrors to compare the stretching of space in one direction to that in the perpendicular direction.
Not exact matches
Other stellar explosions called gamma - ray bursts can also briefly outshine the stars, but the explosive
black -
hole merger sets a mind - bending record, says Kip Thorne, a gravitational theorist at Caltech who played a leading role in LIGO's development.
The
other aspect is that space - time is incredibly stiff: that's why you need a cataclysmic event like the
merger of two
black holes to produce a distortion that we can measure.
He was also working on
other LIGO papers at the time, including one about an earlier detection of a
black -
hole merger which now needed to be published before it could be eclipsed by the neutron - star
merger announcement.
The likely scenario in which this could have happened is if the galaxy hosting the
black hole experienced
mergers or collisions with
other galaxies through its evolutionary history.
A
black -
hole merger occurs when two
black holes start to spiral towards each
other, radiating energy as gravitational waves.
The two US detectors, one in Washington and the
other in Louisiana, saw the signal of a
black hole merger just a few milliseconds apart, but with just two detectors the location of the source couldn't be pinned down.
Other theories, like
mergers of smaller
black holes, remain viable, and researchers aren't quite sure yet how many
black holes there really are in the early universe.
That growth should happen in part by
mergers with
other black holes and in part by accretion of material from the part of the galaxy that surrounds the
black hole.
But its announcement was delayed due to the time required to understand two
other discoveries: a LIGO - Virgo three - detector observation of gravitational waves from another binary
black hole merger on August 14, and the first - ever detection of a binary neutron star
merger in light and gravitational waves on August 17.
This illustration shows the
merger of two
black holes and the gravitational waves that ripple outward as the
black holes spiral toward each
other.
A galactic bulge is thought to evolve through numerous
mergers and collisions with
other galaxies which would bring a large amount of interstellar materials (* 2) into a galactic center and further the evolution of a
black hole.
For example, the team found that a
merger of two
black holes with significantly unequal masses would be a strong indication that the stars formed almost entirely from hydrogen and helium — called low - metallicity stars — with
other elements contributing fewer than 0.1 percent of stellar matter (for comparison, this fraction is about 2 percent in our Sun).
Future observatories may one day be able to detect gravitational waves from supermassive
black hole mergers and
other higher - energy phenomenon.
If the signal LIGO had detected had been, say, neutron stars colliding and not
black holes, we would have had no complaints, but there's probably a very good chance you could see neutron star
mergers with
other, conventional observational tools relying on light.