Associated outcomes include negative infant temperament, 24 insecure attachment, 25 cognitive and language development difficulties, 26 lower self - esteem and
other cognitive vulnerabilities to depression in five year olds, 27 and poorer peer relations in early childhood.28
As well, children of depressed mothers usually 1) show less advanced language development, 2) have lower academic skills, 3) have a lower self - esteem, and 4) show
other cognitive vulnerabilities to depression or other disorders.
Not exact matches
Whether in contexts of adversity or security, early relationships form the foundation for
cognitive, affective and neurobiological adaptation.2, 3,4 Whereas relational
vulnerabilities engender distress and maladaptation, relational resources foster emotional health and competence.5, 6,7 In the context of safe and responsive relationships with caregivers and
others, young children develop core regulatory and processing capacities that enable them to maximize developmental opportunities and effectively negotiate developmental challenges.
Past research examining the validity of PCS in Chinese samples has indicated that it is positively associated with
other measures of
cognitive vulnerability including the children's dysfunctional attitudes scale as well as negatively correlated with levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (Auerbach et al. 2009a, b).
More specifically, it was expected that
cognitive vulnerability factors (negative
cognitive style / stress - reactive rumination) and stressors would worsen each
other's relationship with depressive symptoms more strongly as age increases.