Sentences with phrase «other covariates as»

Multivariate analyses were performed with logistic regression for outcome variables with paternal depression and other covariates as predictors.

Not exact matches

Had the aim of this analysis been to identify characteristics associated with PPH, clearly these covariates would have been included (as would many of the maternities excluded from the analysis as described earlier), so it would not be appropriate to use these results to draw conclusions about the association between PPH and covariates other than intended place of birth.

However, the covariate factors are difficult to separate when looking at epidural anesthesia and breastfeeding because, as the Cochrane Review concluded, there are other proxy reasons that may also contribute to neonatal health and the breastfeeding relationship.

Covariates included the child's sex, calendar conception year (categorical variable), gestational age, maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared)(BMI < 18.5 = underweight; 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 = normal weight; 25 ≤ BMI < 30 = overweight; BMI ≥ 30 = obese), maternal age at delivery (younger than 20, 20 to 24, 25 to 29, 30 to 34, and ≥ 35 years), maternal education at delivery (≤ high school graduate, some college education, college graduate, postgraduate, or unknown), maternal race / ethnicity (Asian, black, white, or other), and gestational diabetes (yes / no).

Other strengths of our analysis include its large nationally representative and diverse sample, as well as the rich availability of covariates for inclusion in multivariable models.

A covariate was included in the multivariate analyses if theoretical or empirical evidence supported its role as a risk factor for obesity, if it was a significant predictor of obesity in univariate regression models, or if including it in the full multivariate model led to a 5 % or greater change in the OR.48 Model 1 includes maternal IPV exposure, race / ethnicity (black, white, Hispanic, other / unknown), child sex (male, female), maternal age (20 - 25, 26 - 28, 29 - 33, 34 - 50 years), maternal education (less than high school, high school graduation, beyond high school), maternal nativity (US born, yes or no), child age in months, relationship with father (yes or no), maternal smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), maternal depression (as measured by a CIDI - SF cutoff score ≥ 0.5), maternal BMI (normal / underweight, overweight, obese), low birth weight (< 2500 g, ≥ 2500 g), whether the child takes a bottle to bed at age 3 years (yes or no), and average hours of child television viewing per day at age 3 years (< 2 h / d, ≥ 2 h / d).

In addition, we considered important covariates related to depressive symptoms, such as social participation, emotional support, mobility and self - rated health, among others.

To help control for preintervention group differences, maternal education and income were used as covariates, because they were correlated significantly with each other and because education was correlated with experimental condition.

This finding persisted even when controlling for obesity at age 3 years, several postulated intermediates (including child bottle - feeding and television viewing), and ostensible confounders such as maternal depression, maternal smoking during pregnancy, child birth weight, and other relevant covariates.

We also examined several other covariates for possible inclusion in the model, such as father employment status at study registration, but did not include these in the final model because they had no unique relationship to the outcomes.

However, the association remained significant after controlling for these behaviors as well as a history of psychological problems, use of psychotropic medications, current depressive symptoms, and other covariates.

The analyses also included age, race / ethnicity (three binary variables for Black, Hispanic and other ethnicity, coded with Whites as the reference group), gender, household income and parental education, media - viewing habits — hours watching television on a school day and how often the participant viewed movies together with his / her parents — and receptivity to alcohol marketing (based on whether or not the adolescent owned alcohol - branded merchandise at waves 2 — 4).31 Family predictors included perceived inhome availability of alcohol, subject - reported parental alcohol use (assessed at the 16 M survey and assumed to be invariant) and perceptions of authoritative parenting (α = 0.80).32 Other covariates included school performance, extracurricular participation, number of friends who used alcohol, weekly spending money, sensation seeking (4 - wave Cronbach's α range = 0.57 — 0.62) 33 and rebelliousness (0.71 — 0.76).34 All survey items are listed in tablother ethnicity, coded with Whites as the reference group), gender, household income and parental education, media - viewing habits — hours watching television on a school day and how often the participant viewed movies together with his / her parents — and receptivity to alcohol marketing (based on whether or not the adolescent owned alcohol - branded merchandise at waves 2 — 4).31 Family predictors included perceived inhome availability of alcohol, subject - reported parental alcohol use (assessed at the 16 M survey and assumed to be invariant) and perceptions of authoritative parenting (α = 0.80).32 Other covariates included school performance, extracurricular participation, number of friends who used alcohol, weekly spending money, sensation seeking (4 - wave Cronbach's α range = 0.57 — 0.62) 33 and rebelliousness (0.71 — 0.76).34 All survey items are listed in tablOther covariates included school performance, extracurricular participation, number of friends who used alcohol, weekly spending money, sensation seeking (4 - wave Cronbach's α range = 0.57 — 0.62) 33 and rebelliousness (0.71 — 0.76).34 All survey items are listed in table S1.

Thus, varying levels of child or adult responsibility for the drawings did not confound other effects tested in this study and did not need to be included as a covariate in further analyses.

Others have also consistently reported that breastfed children score slightly higher than those bottlefed on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development or later tests of IQ, such as the McCarthy Scales, after controlling for standard covariates including socioeconomic status (SES), maternal age and education, maternal smoking and drinking, 16, 17 and in one study maternal psychological state.18 Longitudinal studies indicate that these differences persist to 5 years and into school age.

In future research we recommend to also add other covariates to the latent transition models to see whether transitions in time are influenced by factors such as parental psychopathology and parenting styles.

However, to take this into account, the intervention condition was included as a covariate as was done in other studies as well (Ringlever et al. 2013; Waller et al. 2012).

In these analyses, the CU raw score was considered as the independent variable and covariates were also SES, children's sex and ethnicity, comorbidities other than ODD and the number of DSM - IV CD symptoms.

For this modeling, the measures of CU (ICU - total raw score) and ODD (binary diagnosis present / absent) were considered as the independent variables and the analyses were adjusted by the covariates family SES, children's sex and ethnicity, presence of comorbidities other than ODD and the number of DSM - IV CD symptoms.