Sentences with phrase «other signaling molecules»

As organs develop, growth factors and other signaling molecules often are produced from clusters of specialized cells called signaling centers.

We utilized quantitative RT - PCR to measure 46 genes that are expressed in hESCs, which function as cytokines, growth factors, and other signaling molecules.

Studies have shown that exposure of tumor cells to therapeutic doses of radiation activates cell survival signaling pathways such as EGFR - RAS [2 - 5] and its downstream molecules such as ERK1 / 2, PI3K - AKT, JNK, etc. apart from several other signaling molecules [4, 6, 7].

Jan. 18, 2013 — Understanding how the main receptor for light interacts with other signaling molecules may inform new pharmaceutical development.

The neurons in the arcuate nucleus are stimulated by these and other signalling molecules in order to maintain energy homeostasis for the entire organism.

Not exact matches

CRAC channels control the entry of calcium into immune and other cell types, and calcium is an important intracellular signaling molecule that modulates cytokine production and the immune response.

The speed with which the wave moves suggests that it travels through gap junctions and is made up either of calcium ions or some other small signaling molecule.

While the latter has a reputation for being hard to isolate, she explains that even degraded RNA generally contains enough intact sequence to analyze — provided investigators can detect the scarce tumor signals against the immense background of other RNA molecules in a sample.

Researchers filled in other details about the selective role of LKB1 in regulatory T cells, including that the molecule unexpectedly works through the Wnt signaling pathway to adjust regulatory T cell function.

The most likely scenario, Shatz believed, was that the molecules sat on a neuron's postsynaptic terminals, where electrochemical signals from other neurons are received.

Researchers still don't know how this range corresponds to their versatile functions, but being more like a string than like a lump with keyholes means that a protein can make many contacts with other molecules to regulate the network of signals that drives the cell.

In mice with pancreatic tumors, Kalbasi and other members of the team found relatively high levels of inflammatory compounds including CCL2, the signaling molecule that activates CCR2 on monocytes and macrophages to make these cells migrate to tumors.

«Glucose is a tricky molecule to monitor because other factors can confound a signal,» Prasad said.

Other researchers have shown that the ability of microglia to engulf dead neurons depends on adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a ubiquitous energy source and signalling molecule that is released from damaged cells.

Then there's the West Palm Beach symposium, held to recruit participants for a study testing what happens when aging people get infusions of plasma (the fluid part of blood packed with signaling proteins and other molecules but no red or white cells) from young people who've taken a drug meant to activate their immune system.

One study showed that ovarian tumors produce a signaling molecule that serves to attract regulatory T cells, a subclass of adaptive immune cells responsible for quieting other T cells.

Immediately after seeing the data, Evelyne Roueff of Paris Observatory and other chemists on the team started hypothesizing about what kind of molecule might create the signal.

The addition of many ubiquitin molecules can target a protein for degradation, while the addition of a single ubiquitin molecule (monoubiquitination) can lead to activation of protein signaling pathways or target other proteins for ubiquitination.

When the CD4 on the CAR molecule binds to HIV, other regions of the CAR molecule signal the cell to become activated and kill the HIV infected cell.

As target depth increases, the single - scattered signal (red) becomes negligibly small, because it is more likely that the waves will get bounced around by other biological molecules in their path (blue).

«Recent work by other groups has shown that bile acids act as signalling molecules in the host, almost like a hormonal network, with an ability to influence host metabolism.

But in the mid-1980s, three U.S. investigators discovered that it is a signal - transmitting molecule naturally used by the pulmonary, cardiac and other systems, a discovery that received the 1998 Nobel Prize.

FosB is a transcription factor in the brain which, together with other molecules, is involved in so - called signal transduction (transmission of stimuli to the cells), that is to say conveys genetic information between the cells and also determines whether certain genes are activated or not.

«Although the two types of inhibitory neurons are very similar to each other in terms of morphology, synaptic connectivity, and the kinds of small molecules they use for signaling, they're very different in terms of the methylation pattern.

That is because there are a few dozen distinct immune cells that release between 50 and 100 signaling molecules — molecules that tell the other cells what to do and when.

Our nerve and muscle cells send signals to each other using ions and molecules.

«Our main challenge was to find the right timing and concentration of the signaling molecules that would yield V2a interneurons instead of other neuronal cell types, such as motor neurons,» said first author Jessica Butts, a graduate student in the McDevitt lab.

At the same time, haze alters the profiles of water signals and other important molecules in a distinctive way.

Tino Krell and colleagues from the Spanish National Research Council in Granada found that rosmarinic acid mimics a molecule that bacteria use to signal each other in response to changes in population density.

The results make anti-CD47 antibodies a promising drug candidate for cardiovascular disease, he notes, though there may be other «don't eat me» signaling molecules in plaques that it can't address.

They have detected, for example, revved up signaling molecules involved in inflammation, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and other cytokines; skewed populations of natural killer cells and other immune cells; imbalances in the protein - destroying enzymes called proteases; and a shortening of the telomeres, the «end caps» on chromosomes, which indicates prematurely aged cells.

The molecule can influence signals sent by a number of other receptors in the brain, many involved in pain and inflammation.

The types can be distinguished by the molecules they produce, but scientists haven't had a full picture of how they interact with each other as signals move through the sensory cortex.

To achieve this, we selectively deliver proteins and other molecules that change Wnt signalling specifically to stem cells, particularly in the bone.

«Our research revealed how small RNA molecules can work with other cell signals called transcription factors to generate specific types of neurons, in this case motor neurons.

They also hope to tweak the synthetic system so that it can sense and respond to signaling molecules released by other species of pathogenic bacteria, such as those responsible for cholera.

From earlier work by Shi's group and others, it was clear that mesenchymal stem cells perform many of their functions by releasing signaling molecules in extracellular vesicles.

Like other nuclear receptors, HNF - 4α has a pocket that binds natural signaling molecules or could be targeted with synthetic drugs.

Dr. Furchgott's identification of nitric oxide as a signalling molecule important in vascular health has revolutionized care for heart, stroke, impotence, and other diseases.

Adding a signaling molecule called WNT, while also blocking the activity of another molecule known as BMP, promotes differentiation into one kind of mesoderm; conversely, adding BMP while blocking WNT drives the cells to instead become the other type of mesoderm.

More and more evidence from other parts of the brain suggest that a molecule called ATP is part of the signaling mechanism where damaged neurons tell the glia that they are in distress.

Timothy Springer, with colleagues Michael L. Dustin and Charles A. Dinarello, identifies and characterizes adhesion molecules, a class of cell surface proteins that function in the interactions of immune cells with other cells, including antigen - specific recognition and cell trafficking: integrin LFA - 1 involved in cytoskeleton and signaling, and intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs), which are binding partners (ligands) for LFA - 1 and are increased in inflammatory and autoimmune disease.

Dr. Levitsky: Other sections under the Oncology Discovery and Translation Area (DTA) focus on anti-angiogenesis, small molecule inhibitors of the p53 pathway, apoptosis, signal transduction, and the tumor microenvironment.

In humans, low levels of hydrogen sulfide serve as a signaling molecule that helps regulate physiological processes in the brain, heart and other organs.

To assess the expression of Tie2 and other Ang / Tie signalling molecules on human pericytes, a microarray - based expression profiling of human brain pericytes (BP), placenta pericytes, pancreas pericytes (PA), lung pericytes (LP), muscle pericytes (MP) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was performed.

Data from the laboratory shows that signals from these molecules through their receptors control the activities and long - term survival of T cells, as well as affecting the activities of other cell types including dendritic cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells.

Activated ERK1 / 2 modulates the functions of several transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, cytoskeletal proteins, signaling molecules, apoptosis - related proteins, as well as other types of proteins [32], while activated AKT modulates the function of numerous substrates involved in the regulation of cell survival, cell cycle progression and cellular growth [33, 34], whereas JNK acts as pro-apoptotic as well as anti-apoptotic depending on the conditions [35].

Since the recent discovery of tremendous biological effects of nitric oxide, other small gaseous molecules such as carbon monoxide or hydrogen sulfide have emerged to be similarly important in cell signaling, with a great impact on pathophysiology of various diseases.

The role of these molecules in driving disease pathology might vary, with described activities of HVEM signaling promoting T cell expansion or survival, analogous to certain activities of OX40 and 4 - 1BB, and other activities of HVEM or LTβR increasing the function of diverse cells such as stromal cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, eosinophils, epithelial cells and keratinocytes.

Regulation of PI -3-Kinase and Akt signaling in T lymphocytes and other cells by TNFR family molecules.