Sentences with phrase «other than at the surface»

And because heat can be stored in places other than at the surface, a lack of surface warming for a decade tells you almost nothing about the underlying long - term warming trends... I judge that there is virtually no merit to suggestions that the «hiatus» poses a serious challenge to the standard model [of human - caused global warming].»

Not exact matches

It comes down to what every scientist knows too well — analyzing data collected by different methods, and at different times, is a tricky business because some methods of collecting ocean surface temperatures are more accurate than others.

As my American friend observed, this was present under the surface long before the scandals broke, and at the root of it is probably the widespread rejection of Catholic teaching on sexual morality, which emerged later in Ireland than other Catholic countries.

At the last sleep, more cases than controls were placed on their stomachs or sides, did not use a pacifier, were found with bedding or clothing covering the head, slept on a soft surface, and shared a bed with someone other than a parent.

Catching prey underwater and then shredding it at the surface was probably a smaller behavioral leap from full - on land feeding than other aquatic hunting strategies.

In places where sea - floor oxygen levels are a bit higher — about 0.5 — 3 % of concentrations at the sea surface — animals are more abundant but their food webs remain limited: the animals still feed on microbes rather than on each other.

«It hit me that we've been calculating chlorophyll profiles from surface measurements for more than thirty years, but we don't know what the depth profiles of other biogeochemically - important materials look like,» said Barney Balch, a senior research scientist at Bigelow Laboratory and lead author on the paper.

Together with his daughter Wendy and other colleagues at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington DC, he was using the device to test materials at pressures many millions of times higher than those at the Earth's surface — higher even than in our planet's core — by squeezing them between two tiny diamond jaws.

In the tropics at heights more than 10 miles above the surface, the prevailing winds alternate between strong easterlies and strong westerlies roughly every other year.

Messenger took measurements of reflected light from Mercury's surface at wavelengths shorter than 1 micrometer, which revealed, among other things, that Mercury contains a surprising amount of sulfur and potassium (SN: 7/16/11, p. 12).

Like the other gas giants, Saturn lacks a solid surface that can be used to measure its rotation period; surficial atmospheric features at the equator move faster than at the poles.

«New Horizons is the latest in a long line of scientific accomplishments at NASA, including multiple missions orbiting and exploring the surface of Mars in advance of human visits still to come; the remarkable Kepler mission to identify Earth - like planets around stars other than our own; and the DSCOVR satellite that soon will be beaming back images of the whole Earth in near real - time from a vantage point a million miles away.

But some regions may become redder and darker than others because parts of the atmosphere collapse, exposing those spots to more surface - darkening radiation from space, researchers report March 22 at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in The Woodlands, Texas.

The researchers were able to see signs of watery adaptation not seen in other dinosaurs: a small nostril located far back on the head, apparently to limit water intake; relatively long forelimbs; big flat feet suitable for paddling as well as walking on muddy ground; and very dense limb bones, which would have allowed Spinosaurus to submerge itself rather than float at the surface.

Most diamonds excavated from the Earth's surface formed at depths of less than 125 miles (200 km), but others, such as the Juina diamonds, have yielded rare, superdeep diamonds.

Kattenhorn and Prockter saw ice volcanoes on the overriding plate, possibly formed through melting and absorption of the slab as it dove below the surface, and a lack of mountains at the subduction zone, implying material was pushed into the interior rather than crumpled up as the two plates mashed against each other.

They have made discoveries that suggest more paleoseafloor can be found at around 1,000 — 1,400 km beneath the surface than at other depths.

While at single buoys the water may have warmed faster or slower than other locations, globally, there is a clear trend toward higher sea surface temperatures.

Because the technique provides high spatial resolutions at a speed faster than other existing methods, even with a single cantilever, Curtis is hopeful that TCNL will provide the option of nanoscale printing integrated with the fabrication of large quantities of surfaces or everyday materials whose dimensions are more than one billion times larger than the TCNL features themselves.

Certain particle compounds may directly generate ROS in vivo because of their surface chemistry (eg, metals, organic compounds, and semiquinones) or after bioactivation by cytochrome P450 systems (eg, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon conversion to quinones).6, 290 a, 290 b A particle surface or anions present on otherwise more inert particles may disrupt iron homeostasis in the lung and thereby also generate ROS via Fenton reactions.291 Other PM constituents may do so indirectly by the upregulation of endogenous cellular sources (eg, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NADPH]-RRB- oxidase) 292,293 or by perturbing organelle function (eg, mitochondria) by taken - up PM components.261 Particle stimulation of irritant and afferent ANS fibers may also play a role in local and systemic oxidative stress formation.294 Given the rich antioxidant defenses in the lung fluid, secondarily generated oxidization products of endogenous molecules (eg, oxidized phospholipids, proteins) or a reduction in endogenous antioxidants per se may be responsible at least in part for the state of oxidative stress in the lungs (along with instigating the subsequent cellular responses) rather than ROS derived directly from PM and its constituents.

Still more variations, aimed at individual cities rather than states, have surfaced in York, PA and other places, stirring tremendous local controversy.

The above quote means that your goal as the driver is to attempt to ensure that the clutch is spending more time in a static friction mode (i.e., where the frictional surfaces of the clutch are turning at the same speed, pressed tightly together) rather than a kinetic friction mode (i.e., where the frictional surfaces are turning at different speeds and are slipping past each other).

At 10.81 x 6.81 x 0.53 inches and weighing 2 pounds, the Surface Pro is both thicker and heavier than the Surface RT (10.81 x 6.77 x 0.37 inches and 1.5 pounds), as well as other Windows 8 tablets such as the 11 - inch HP Envy x2 (11.9 x 7.5 x 0.3 inches and 1.5 pounds) and the 10 - inch Acer Iconia W510 (10.2 x 7.3 x 0.4 inches, 1.2 pounds).

Although at this stage there is no word on pricing other than the obvious expectation that it'll be cheaper than the Surface Pro 3 which starts at # 639.

While the bowl feature allowed more than one furkid to drink at the same time, the exposed water surface also accumulated dirt and other particles quite quickly, requiring frequent cleaning.

a submissive puppy that has never walked on a surface other than a concrete kennel floor will probably be fearful of other surfaces, and a dominant puppy may be nippy with children if not taught at an early age to respect short people with high - pitched voices.

I'm surmising that it feels like a harder surface than the ropes, almost like it's ropes that have a coating I was excited to find this on sale at this great price, after comparing it on other websites.

Along with others active at this time, these three artists questioned, for example, whether a painting had to be a flat, rectangular object mounted on a stretcher, affixed to a wall, and viewed from one vantage point; that paper was only a surface to be painted, printed, or drawn on, rather than a medium for creative manipulation in its own right; or that there was only one way for a work of art to be installed.

It seems at least theoretically possible that a similar investigation into new ways of acknowledging the picture surface might turn up something other than parallel flat planes.

The large works that have occupied him since 1969 are, in brief: Hubris, commissioned for the University of Hawaii at Manoa, one of Smith's most open and regular pieces to date, which consists of a two - section, 9 - by - 9 grid in black concrete, one half thin slabs at ground level, the other half the same grid raised to 3 feet 3 inches by a four - sided pyramidal module; Batcave, a complex environmental interior designed to «mold space and light» rather than material form, at the Osaka World's Fair, a new version of which will be shown soon at the Los Angeles County Museum; a gigantic triangular sculpture inserted into a Californian mountainside; a labyrinthine water garden for a delta; Smog, a huge new horizontal piece made from the dismantled components of Smoke (which was made for the Corcoran's «Scale as Content» show, 1967); Haole Center, a sunken square «pavement» within a square stone sculpture, with a metal ladder leading down below the earth's surface; two related monumental sculptures on platforms (Arch and Dial); and a flat 81 - block grid proposed for downtown Minneapolis.

It only needs to be denser than other water at the surface.

At face value, the satellite data is supported by weather balloon data, covers a much larger area of the globe than the surface - based data, and, as you pointed out, is free from the urban heat island effect and other potential flaws of surface measurements.

The Water in the West initiative at Stanford University has produced an invaluable package of analysis, graphics and recommendations on groundwater management, concluding that groundwater recharge — moving water from the surface into the state's natural subterranean aquifers — is far cheaper than other alternatives that are currently being developed, like added dams and surface reservoirs or desalination plants:

This result is consistent with land surface temperatures reconstructed from tree rings, other terrestrial proxies, and documentary evidence also indicating greater regional variability than simulated by models at decadal and longer timescales (33 — 35).

In the case of oceans the energy does penetrate the surface layers and is often carried away for eventual release elsewhere and at another time, depending on the ocean currents and other internal oceanic mechanisms such as the flow of the Thermohaline Circulation with a period of more than 800 years for a full circuit.

«This is ongoing research and bears watching as other factors as still under investigation, such as changes in the time - of - day readings were taken, but at this point it helps explain why the surface measurements appear to be warming more than the deep atmosphere (where the greenhouse effect should appear.)»

Produce evidence of (a) the temperature of the air adjoining the surface being warmer than the surface at night, thus «stopping convection» and (b) any other inversion in calm conditions at night in the troposphere.

Looking at this some more, on the other hand since the surface is warmer it can emit more than before, perhaps canceling CO2s swat back enhancement.

Because charcoal decomposes less rapidly than other organic materials, it will remain for a much longer period at the soil surface, in most cases for thousands of years (Payette & Morneau 1993).

Sea surface temperature has been consistently higher during the past three decades than at any other time since reliable observations began in 1880.

The problem is that (like the surface data) at some latitudes the tropospheric temperatures have risen more than at others.

Because fresh water is less dense than salt water, it floats at the surface — creating a layer that is resistant to mixing with water at other levels.

At the one and only station where snails had experienced dissolution, surface waters were far more supersaturated than at any other statioAt the one and only station where snails had experienced dissolution, surface waters were far more supersaturated than at any other statioat any other station.

I've also looked at other ENSO indexes other than Nino 3.4 sea surface temperatures, and they do NOT all show a zero trend.

In that way we can allow factors other than mass, gravity and insolation to affect V without affecting T because T is determined only by the amount of KE needed to keep the mass of the atmosphere off the surface at a given height and in turn that is determined by mass (m) and the individual gas constant for the particular atmospheric composition (Rspecific).

We need to find an equation that allows factors other than mass, gravity and insolation to affect V without affecting T because according to the Gas Laws T is determined only by the amount of KE needed to keep the mass of the atmosphere off the surface at a given height over and above that required for top of atmosphere radiative balance.

The results here reveal a larger picture — that the western tropical Indian Ocean has been warming for more than a century, at a rate faster than any other region of the tropical oceans, and turns out to be the largest contributor to the overall trend in the global mean sea surface temperature (SST)»

For example, I think I can mount a strong argument that the surface instrumental data before the 1970s are hardly worth taking seriously at any other than a one - degree margin, and that the three decimal places that dignify the anomaly are risible.

Other characteristics of the Earth will affect the net position such as the distribution of the land and sea surfaces but given the predominance of ocean surfaces and the fact that most energy comes in at the equator which is mostly oceanic then it seems most likely that the net global effect of more greenhouse gases is actually a miniscule cooling rather than a miniscule warming.

Overall, the risk of sea - level rise from global warming is less at almost any given location than that from other causes, such as tectonic motions of the earth's surface.»