Not exact matches
These darker
regions are covered by dark bedrock and fine - grained sand deposits ground down from ancient lava flows and
other volcanic features.
But he acknowledges that there are
other explanations for the carbonate finding —
volcanic activity in the
region, for instance, could have contributed localized carbon dioxide to form the Comanche minerals.
Faster sea floor spreading, presumably associated with more
volcanic activity at subduction zones, and / or
other increases in
volcanic activity or geologic outgassing, or faster oxidation of exposed fossil organic C (as in shales)-- greater geologic CO2 emissions (I think another way of looking at the inorganic part is that any given
region of sea floor has less time to accumulate carbonate minerals from chemical weathering, so that C reservoir could shrink while
others, including the atmosphere, can grow).
If the missing rings are real but vary by
region then you should be able to do regional reconstructions that show dramatic responses to the
volcanic events in some
regions (that didn't miss), and much smaller response in
others (where the ring was missed).
One driver of temperatures in this
region is the abundance and variability of ozone, but water vapor,
volcanic aerosols, and dynamical changes such as the Quasi - Biennial Oscillation (QBO) are also significant; anthropogenic increases in
other greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide play a lesser but significant role in the lower stratosphere.
Some scientists have also attributed warmer air temperatures in the North Atlantic
region to the delivery of warmer seawater (heated by solar radiation unimpeded by
volcanic aerosols) by the Gulf Stream and
other currents.
Ian Plimer and
others have suggested that El Ninos — whose origin has not yet been explained — may be caused by increased subsea
volcanic activity in the tropical eastern Pacific, on the ground that each El Nino is preceded by six months of enhanced seismic activity in the
region.
«Modelling studies are also in moderately good agreement with observations during the first half of the 20th century when both anthropogenic and natural forcings are considered, although assessments of which forcings are important differ, with some studies finding that solar forcing is more important (Meehl et al., 2004) while
other studies find that
volcanic forcing (Broccoli et al., 2003) or internal variability (Delworth and Knutson, 2000) could be more important... The mid-century cooling that the model simulates in some
regions is also observed, and is caused in the model by regional negative surface forcing from organic and black carbon associated with biomass burning.