A review and recommendations for optimal
outcome measures of anxiety, depression and general distress in studies evaluating psychosocial interventions for English - speaking adults with heterogeneous cancer diagnoses
Not exact matches
Behavioral / emotional
outcome measures include some
of FXS's most distinctive clinical features, such as disruptive behaviors, ADHD - like behaviors and
anxiety.
However, because
of the wide variety
of study populations, limitations in some study designs, and variable
outcome measures, further research is needed to enhance the ability to generalize and apply yoga to reduce
anxiety.
Anxiety and depression are indirect measures of negative affect and therefore resulted in a lower strength of evidence than that for the outcome of mantra on a
Anxiety and depression are indirect
measures of negative affect and therefore resulted in a lower strength
of evidence than that for the
outcome of mantra on
anxietyanxiety.
These include patient - reported
outcome measures on fatigue (Chalder Fatigue Scale), 10 physical function (SF - 36), 11 mood (Hospital
Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS), 12 pain (visual analogue pain rating scale), sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) 13 and quality
of life (EQ - 5D).14 Other services used one or more
of the NOD
outcome measures listed above, plus additional
outcome measures including the Work and Social Adjustment Scale.15
Primary
outcomes: overall symptoms (positive, negative, and neurotic symptoms combined); depression /
anxiety; negative and positive symptoms; overall functioning (combination
of function scores from
measures such as the Global Assessment Scale and Global Assessment
of Functioning scale); remission.
Main
Outcome Measures Adolescent assessment
of school grades, standardized test scores, absences, suspensions, aggression,
anxiety / depression, other psychological problems, drug use, trouble with police, pregnancy, running away, gang membership, and educational aspirations.
Furthermore, there was no significant two - way interaction between attachment dimensions and no three - way interaction
of partner presence, attachment
anxiety and attachment avoidance on any
outcome measures (see Table 2), indicating that the results were driven by the attachment avoidance dimension.
Main
outcome measures Maternal report
of child externalising behaviour (child behavior checklist 1 1/2 -5 year old), parenting (parent behavior checklist), and maternal mental health (depression
anxiety stress scales) at 18 and 24 months.
Contrary to the meta - analyses
of Crits - Christoph5 andAnderson and Lambert, 7 studies
of IPT werenot included (eg, Elkin et al30 and Wilfleyet al31), because the relation
of IPT to STPPis controversial, and empirical results suggest that IPT is very close toCBT.9 Thus, this review includes only studiesfor which there is a general agreement that they represent models
of STPP.As it is questionable to aggregate the results
of very different
outcome measuresthat refer to different areas
of psychological functioning, we assessed theefficacy
of STPP separately for target symptoms, general psychiatric symptoms (ie, comorbid symptoms), and social functioning.32 Thisprocedure is analogous to the meta - analysis
of Crits - Christoph.5 Asoutcome
measures of target problems, we included patient ratings
of targetproblems and
measures referring to the symptoms that are specific to the patientgroup under study, eg,
measures of anxiety for studies investigating treatmentsof
anxiety disorders.33 For the efficacy ofSTPP in general psychiatric symptoms, broad
measures of psychiatric symptomssuch as the Symptom Checklist - 90 and specific
measures that do not refer specificallyto the disorder under study were included; eg, the Beck Depression Inventoryapplied in patients with personality disorders.34, 35 Forthe assessment
of social functioning, the Social Adjustment Scale and similarmeasures were included.36
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) This study examined the effectiveness
of the Solution - Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) intervention on treatment
of mood and
anxiety disorders.
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) The purpose
of this study was to explore the effects
of Child - Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) on young children with
anxiety symptoms.
Main
outcome measures: Spence Children's
Anxiety Scale, Culture Free Self - Esteem Questionnaire, qualitative assessment
of acceptability.
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) Parents and children were randomly assigned to one
of two treatment groups: family - focused cognitive behavioral therapy (the Building Confidence Program) or traditional child - focused CBT with minimal family involvement for children with
anxiety disorders.
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) This study used the same sample as the Wood et al. (2006) study (summarized above) to examine the nature and strength
of the alliance —
outcome association in CBT for child
anxiety.
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) This study compared individual Coping Cat (CBT) and child - centered therapy (CCT) for child
anxiety disorders on rates
of treatment response and recovery at post-treatment and one - year follow - up, as well as on real - world
measures of emotional functioning.
The
outcome measures showed that parents
of students in the experimental group rated their children as exhibiting significantly less
anxiety / depression problems compared to ratings from parents
of control group students.
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) The study examined the impact
of a 12 - week trial
of Cool Kids Outreach (bibliotherapy materials based on the Cool Kids
anxiety program) for parents
of children with
anxiety disorders.
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) This study tested the effectiveness
of the Bounce Back program in improving symptoms
of posttraumatic stress, depression, and
anxiety.
Measures utilized include therapists conducted semistructured interviews using an instrument based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders — IV — Text Revision (DSM - IV - TR), the Reaction to Treatment Questionnaire (RTQ), the Beck
Anxiety Inventory, Global Assessment
of Functioning Scale (GAF), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), Quality
of Life Index (QOLI), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS), the Kentucky Inventory
of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI — II), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ), and the
Outcome Questionnaire (OQ).
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) The current study evaluated the effectiveness
of the Family Foundations (FF) program on coparenting; parental depression and
anxiety; distress in the parent - infant relationship; and infant regulatory competence (sleep, attention duration, soothability).
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) The study examined the impact
of a 12 - week trial
of bibliotherapy materials based on the Cool Kids
anxiety program for parents
of children with
anxiety disorders.
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) This study assessed the efficacy
of Trauma - Focused Cognitive - Behavioral Therapy (TF - CBT) delivered by social worker facilitators in reducing posttraumatic stress, depression,
anxiety, and conduct problems and increasing prosocial behavior in a group
of war - affected, sexually exploited girls.
Summary: (To include comparison groups,
outcomes,
measures, notable limitations) The purpose
of the study was to evaluate the efficacy
of a Danish version
of the Cool Kids program for
anxiety disorders among children and adolescents.
However, almost all
of the correlations were positive, indicating that residual gains on
outcome measures were associated with higher rather than lower mean WAI - S scores, except in the relation between working alliance and
anxiety.
Measures of mental health
outcome included Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), symptoms
of depression, and symptoms
of anxiety, Burnout (BO), and Vital Exhaustion (VE).
Primary
outcome measures are: carer preparedness
measured by the Preparedness for Caregiving Scale28 and carer distress
measured by the Distress Thermometer (DT).29, 30 Secondary
outcome measures are carer
anxiety and depression measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 31 carer quality of life measured by the Caregiver Quality of Life Index — Cancer, 32 carer competence measured by the Carer Competence Scale, 33 carer supportive care needs measured by the «Partner and Caregivers Supportive Care Needs Scale ’34 and «Brain Tumour Specific Supportive Carer Needs for Carers Survey ’35 and health economic cost - consequences measured using a checklist of service
anxiety and depression
measured using the Hospital
Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 31 carer quality of life measured by the Caregiver Quality of Life Index — Cancer, 32 carer competence measured by the Carer Competence Scale, 33 carer supportive care needs measured by the «Partner and Caregivers Supportive Care Needs Scale ’34 and «Brain Tumour Specific Supportive Carer Needs for Carers Survey ’35 and health economic cost - consequences measured using a checklist of service
Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 31 carer quality
of life
measured by the Caregiver Quality
of Life Index — Cancer, 32 carer competence
measured by the Carer Competence Scale, 33 carer supportive care needs
measured by the «Partner and Caregivers Supportive Care Needs Scale ’34 and «Brain Tumour Specific Supportive Carer Needs for Carers Survey ’35 and health economic cost - consequences
measured using a checklist
of services used.
This review will consider studies that include the following
outcome measures: the primary
outcome is preventing progression to psychosis (incidences
of sub threshold psychosis and first - episode psychosis), the secondary
outcomes such as symptoms
of psychosis (both positive and negative symptoms), psychosocial functioning, depression,
anxiety and quality
of life.
At minimum the report should include the assessment (from patient or independent rater perspective, not therapist)
of at least two standardized
outcome measures, global functioning and target symptom (i.e. depression,
anxiety, etc), as well as one process
measure (i.e. therapeutic alliance, session depth, emotional experiencing, etc) evaluated on at least three separate occasions.
Optimally, such a report would include several
outcome measures assessing a wide array
of functioning such as global functioning, target symptoms (i.e. depression,
anxiety, etc), subjective well - being, interpersonal functioning, social / occupational functioning and
measures of personality, as well as relevant process
measures evaluated at multiple times across treatment.
The findings for emotional symptoms are in line with studies from New Zealand showing that the number
of depressive episodes in adolescence was associated with later self - reported welfare dependence after adjustment for confounding factors and comorbidity.17 In a study with an
outcome measure similar to that
of our study, Pape et al16 reported that
anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence increased the susceptibility
of receiving medical benefits in early adulthood in a Norwegian sample.
Main
outcome measures Maternal report
of child externalising behaviour (Child Behaviour Checklist), parenting (Parent Behaviour Checklist) and maternal mental health (Depression
Anxiety Stress Scales) when children were aged 3 years.
Explored gender differences in parents on
measures of positive and negative psychological wellbeing (
anxiety, depression, stress, positive perceptions) and the impact
of child characteristics (ASD symptoms, adaptive behaviours, behavioural and emotional concerns) on parent
outcomes.