We focus on these children so that we can observe relationships between socioeconomic status and student
outcomes at different points in time.
Not exact matches
Consequently, despite the extensive and highly successful efforts of many researchers to develop infection models
in Drosophila, the
outcomes of infection are often measured by end -
points such as insect death (survival of a cohort of insects over
time) or changes
in cell morphology
at fixed periods throughout infection (often monitored by staining
different elements of the cytoskeleton).
Noting the lack of rigorous analysis of the role principals play
in determining student
outcomes, the study's authors measure how average gains
in achievement, adjusted for individual student and school characteristics, differ across principals - both
in different schools and
in the same school
at different points in time.
For the secondary aims, the analyses will be performed both for differences
in changes between the intervention and the control group and for differences between groups
at different time points (baseline
at inclusion, childbirth, 6 — 8 weeks and 1 year postpartum)
in maternal metabolic health
outcomes, maternal mental health
outcomes and offspring metabolic and mental health
outcomes.
For initial exploratory analyses, no such correction will be used.178 For the partners, we will evaluate changes between groups and differences between groups
at different time points (baseline
at inclusion, 1 year postpartum)
in weight and paternal eating behaviour and mental health
outcomes.
While the concurrence may be partly attributable to rater effects as the same caregiver completed both questionnaires
at the same
point in time, the
different patterns of association with the potential risk factors may reflect the fact that
in at - risk populations the two constructs may de facto overlap more than
in the general population, representing commonly co-occurring
outcomes with
different determinants.
Future studies involving three (or more)
time points in which the parental behaviors, EF and academic
outcomes were measured
at different time points would permit the underlying assumptions of stationarity and equilibrium to be tested formally (Cole and Maxwell, 2003).