Yet the sense of relief does not last, for these islands of clarity are invariably surrounded by a broad sea of circumspection and equivocation that leave one adrift, wondering just how reliable they and similar assertions are, and just how policymakers might go about using this book to improve educational
outcomes for minority children.
Not exact matches
Some of the potential causes of poor breastfeeding
outcomes among black and Puerto Rican women include breastfeeding ambivalence (7), the availability of free formula from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program
for Women, Infants, and
Children (WIC)(8), a high level of comfort with the idea of formula feeding (9), limited availability and lower intensity of WIC breastfeeding support
for minority women (10, 11), and issues surrounding trust building and perceived mistreatment by providers (12).
There is some evidence that full - day attendance in Tulsa supports better
outcomes for low income and
minority children.
The proposed reforms, outside and inside schools — to reduce the test - score gap between whites and poor
minorities; to help poor
minority families increase their income through steady work at livable wages and then their
children's test scores will improve; to establish research - proven reading programs
for every single, poor, or
minority child; to give each kid a laptop computer — are endless and uncertain in their
outcomes.
If all three efforts succeed, one
outcome is clear: the state and school districts would have new responsibilities aimed at providing students a better learning environment through changes that could hold important benefits
for low - income and
minority children.
After all, as recent studies of the now - abolished No
Child Left Behind Act has shown, focusing on socioeconomic achievement gaps improves
outcomes for minority and White
children (as well as struggling and high - achieving
children of all backgrounds).
A comprehensive 2013 study from CREDO at Stanford University found positive academic
outcomes for students in charter schools, particularly
for minority and low - income
children:
Shep's groundbreaking longitudinal study of African American
children growing up in the Woodlawn area of Chicago was among the first community studies to identify risk factors
for negative health and behavioral
outcomes in an urban,
minority population.
Social risk factors such as growing up in poverty, racial / ethnic
minority status, and maternal depression have been associated with poorer health
outcomes for children.
Some longitudinal research has suggested that this type of parenting style may result in more favorable
outcomes for poor and
minority children (Deater - Deckard & Dodge, 1997; Steinberg et al., 1992).
Illinois» Fathers
for New Futures (FNF) hosts the Power of Fathers Symposium, a statewide collaborative of nonprofits that seeks to strengthen and support low - income
minority fathers in developing relationships with their
children, families, and communities.77 Among its programs, FNF provides job readiness training, parent education, case management,
child support information, and additional services to young fathers and men trying to reconnect with their families.78 FNF also hosts a working group of practitioners, and research and policy experts that supports
outcomes for children of noncustodial, African - American fathers.79
Broad demographic studies of the flexible and ill - defined «fatherless homes» populations, which indicate complex and multi-causated reasons
for the (actually small) negative
outcomes suffered by a
minority of
children in these «single mother home» groups are twisted, baselessly, into the political rhetoric that
children «need» or «benefit» from having two parents.
For example, birth cohort
children from ethnic
minority communities were more likely to have social, emotional and behavioural difficulties, as were
children whose mother had low education, whereas
child cohort
children from families whose parents had split up during the observation period were more likely to face multiple negative
outcomes than those whose parents remained together.
Third, although there are some data about various
child and family characteristics that predict
outcome (e.g., socioeconomic disadvantage, severity of
child behaviour, maternal adjustment problems, treatment barriers), there has been a relative dearth of attention paid to a) the actual processes of change that are induced by PMT and b) whether there are certain subgroups (e.g., based on
child gender or
minority status or family socioeconomic status)
for whom PMT is more or less effective.15 - 17