Rather than using fear as a signal that
directs your attention
outward toward some approaching problem, shame
forces you to
direct your attention inward toward a bigger problem you don't want to face — painful feelings of inadequacy.
Of particular note is the trial by Lubahn et al. (2011), which reported that adding a lateromedial (
outward)
force during the single - leg squat
directed to increase knee valgus actually decreases the muscle activity of the gluteus medius.
Before allowing the temperature to respond, we can consider the
forcing at the tropopause (TRPP) and at TOA, both reductions in net upward fluxes (though at TOA, the net upward LW flux is simply the OLR); my point is that even without
direct solar heating above the tropopause, the
forcing at TOA can be less than the
forcing at TRPP (as explained in detail for CO2 in my 348, but in general, it is possible to bring the net upward flux at TRPP toward zero but even with saturation at TOA, the nonzero skin temperature requires some nonzero net upward flux to remain — now it just depends on what the net fluxes were before we made the changes, and whether the proportionality of
forcings at TRPP and TOA is similar if the effect has not approached saturation at TRPP); the
forcing at TRPP is the
forcing on the surface + troposphere, which they must warm up to balance, while the
forcing difference between TOA and TRPP is the
forcing on the stratosphere; if the
forcing at TRPP is larger than at TOA, the stratosphere must cool, reducing
outward fluxes from the stratosphere by the same total amount as the difference in
forcings between TRPP and TOA.