Sentences with phrase «over land and»

Miscellaneous: While in - flight Wi - Fi has been a largely American experience, airlines in other countries will adopt newer systems based on satellite technology that enable travelers to log on over land and, more important, sea for international flights.

The letter reiterated WAC members» concerns that the Clean Water Rule (1) failed to preserve the States» traditional and primary authority over land and water use; (2) ignored the limits set by Congress and recognized by the Supreme Court; and (3) were confusing, arbitrary and deleted current scientific data.

NAR wrote a comment letter that reiterated concerns that the Clean Water Rule (1) failed to preserve the States» traditional and primary authority over land and water use; (2) ignored the limits set by Congress and recognized by the Supreme Court; and (3) were confusing, arbitrary and deleted current scientific data.

The policies of self - determination and self - management, 18 in theory, shifted control over Indigenous development from governments to Indigenous communities, although as Young notes, assimilationist thinking was entrenched in bureaucracies and continued to exert influence even after the policy had officially been aband oned.19 The granting of land rights and the recognition of native title rights support this shift, through growing Indigenous control over land and resources.

[91] This has a continuing impact for such women, who find it harder to establish rights over their land and a position within their communities.

A further component of self - determined development for Indigenous people is the recognition of their sovereignty over land and resources.

On the other hand, references to obtaining «secure tenure» in statements of the current Australian Government are concerned with providing governments with some form of secure interest over land and infrastructure, often in the form of a lease.

The principles of self - determination and effective participation require that Indigenous people have control over their land and that, in respect of issues that affect them, no decisions be taken without their informed consent.

That is because these gains are not the outcomes of government policy or legislation, they are gains deriving from the inherent right of Indigenous people to make decisions in relation to the issues that affect them including decisions over their land and their resources.

DGL currently manages a full matrix of logistics services within all trade lanes of the world, in the air, over land and on the sea.

Using it, the hero's party can travel over land and sea, but not over mountains and forests.

Vivian Chapman QC and Edward Hewitt represented the successful appellants in this appeal against the finding of two prescriptive rights of way over their land and the calculation of damages for trespass.

«[S] urface temperature, averaged over the land and ocean, increased only about 1.5 degrees between 1880 to 2012 despite a reputed 36 percent rise in atmospheric CO ² content.

And that this polar warming is increasingly associated with severe weather events in the middle latitudes and especially over the land and North Atlantic mid latitude zones.

Is it surprising that the temperatures over land and sea will seek equilibrium?

Simulations aim to understand how different irradiance spectra affect a planet's habitability and climate dynamics and its radiance signature, due to the spectral absorbance properties of different atmospheres and different surface spectral albedos resulting from the gradual spread of life over land and adaptations of photosynthetic pigments to other light regimes.

Completing the cycle, moisture precipitates over the land and returns to the ocean in the form of river runoff.

In contrast, with Gondwana centred over the South Pole, climate in the Southern Hemisphere must have been dominated by the interaction of cellular air masses over land and water.

Whilst it's natural to start with air temperatures, a more thorough examination should be as inclusive as possible; snow cover, ice melt, air temperatures over land and sea, even the sea temperatures themselves.

Over this 37 - year period, temperature warmed at an average of 0.50 °F (0.28 °C) per decade over land and 0.20 °F (0.11 °C) per decade over the ocean.

The combined global average temperature over the land and ocean surfaces for November 2017 was 0.75 °C (1.35 °F) above the 20th century average of 12.9 °C (55.2 °F).

NOAA: «The globally averaged temperature over land and ocean surfaces for September 2017 was the fourth highest for the month of September in the NOAA global temperature dataset record, which dates back 138 years to 1880.

Here, we present an explanation for time - invariant land — sea warming ratio that applies if three conditions on radiative forcing are met: first, spatial variations in the climate forcing must be sufficiently small that the lower free troposphere warms evenly over land and ocean; second, the temperature response must not be large enough to change the global circulation to zeroth order; third, the temperature response must not be large enough to modify the boundary layer amplification mechanisms that contribute to making φ exceed unity.

The average atmospheric water vapour content has increased since at least the 1980s over land and ocean as well as in the upper troposphere.

However people have stayed and organized and are taking over land and planting gardens and urban farms.

These metrics emphasise fields between 30S and 30N including 2 m air temperature (Willmott and Matsuura 2000), vertically averaged air temperature (ERA40, Uppala et al. 2005), latent heat fluxes of the ocean (Yu et al. 2008), zonal winds at 300 mb (ERA40, Uppala et al. 2005), longwave and shortwave cloud forcing (CERES2, Loeb et al. 2009), precipitation over land and ocean (GPCP, Adler et al. 2003), sea level pressure (ERA40, Uppala et al. 2005), vertically averaged relative humidity (ERA40, Uppala et al. 2005).

• The ERA - 40 dataset appears to be quite reliable over land and where radiosondes exist, but suffers from substantial problems over the oceans, especially with values too high for 2 years following the Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991 and again in 1995 — 1996, associated with problematic bias corrections of new satellites.

Meteorological data collection is changing with the time over land and in / on oceans with network and instrumentation changes.

Sutton et al. (2007) explain the land — sea contrast by differences in the local latent heat releases over land and oceans, which lead to different negative feedbacks.

They find that the different moisture availability over land and ocean leads to different atmospheric temperature lapse rates (latent heat release), which in combination with a well - mixed free (above boundary layer) atmosphere can explain the land — sea contrast.

Differentials are the result of different lapse rates over land and sea.

If you start to slice through the data, for example, how do they compare over land and over sea?

IPCC AR5 compared CMIP5 projections of air temperature (TAS) to HadCRUT4 and corresponding surface temperature indices (all obtained by weighted average of air temperatures over land and SST over ocean.)

Greenhouse warming that is stronger over land and in the Northern Hemisphere tends to strengthen the monsoon, but increases in planetary albedo over the continent due to aerosol forcing and / or land - use change tend to weaken it.

The inverse relationship folds for GCRs vs. solar having negative forcings over land and the entire domain.

Shine et al. not only fix sea surface temperatures, but also fix land surface temperatures because temperatures over land and ocean are related.

As noted above, Cowtan and Way (followed by Hausfather) combined CMIP5 models for TAS over land and TOS over ocean, for their comparison to HadCRUT4 and similar temperature data.

Whilst ts is not quite the same as tas over land and sea ice, there is little indication from a latitudinal analysis that the comparison is biased by any differences in their behaviour over land and sea ice.

Earth's surface has warmed, on average over land and sea, 1.53 degreesFahrenheit (0.85 degrees Celsius) since 1880, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, an international organization created by the United Nations to evaluate the state of climate change science.

Urban heat island effects were determined to have negligible influence (less than 0.0006 °C per decade over land and zero over oceans) on these measurements.

Projected changes for the 21st century over land and in mid and high latitudes will be larger than the projected change in the global average temperature, so again, past experience will provide little guidance for the future.

The oceanic influence has occurred through hydrodynamic - radiative teleconnections, primarily by moistening and warming the air over land and increasing the downward longwave radiation at the surface.

The situation is reversed at night, leading to high pressure over the land and off shore breezes.

The inconclusive results stem from uncertainties in the model about how quickly the ice will slide over land and into the ocean, Payne says.

Their analysis revealed that almost two - thirds of the listed impacts related specifically to the warming over land and near the surface of the ocean could confidently be attributed to human - generated emissions.

There are very few measurement stations in the Arctic over land and even fewer over the oceans.

The problem with this approach is that surface air temperatures behave differently over land and ocean, primarily due to the thermal inertia and mixing of the oceans.

The average temperature (over land and ocean surfaces) was 1.62 °F (0.90 °C) above the 20th century average, a full 0.29 °F (0.16 °C) above the previous record set in 2014.

Consistent with the global transfer of excess heat from the atmosphere to the ocean, and the difference between warming over land and ocean, there is some discontinuity between the plotted means of the lower atmosphere and the upper ocean.

The average temperature over land and ocean combined in May 2014 was 1.33 degrees Fahrenheit (0.74 degrees Celsius) higher than the 20th century average of 58.6 °F (14.8 °C)