Sentences with phrase «over long timescales of»

In addition, there are numerous uncertainties in the climate models themselves, due to the challenge of numerically simulating all relevant aspects of the climate system over long timescales of decades to centuries.

Not exact matches

Our distinctive contribution was to look at government costs and performance over a much longer timescale than had been attempted before and we believe our own study will contribute to transparency and accountability through our unique publicly - available compilation of consistent long - term time - series of official data.

Some Labour MPs and the Green MP, Caroline Lucas, dismissed the offer as unacceptable, saying it represented only 12 refugees a day over the course of this parliament, adding that 20,000 sounded less impressive given the long timescale.

Until now, changes in the relative proportion of rare mutations, that could be both detrimental and adaptive, had only been shown over relatively long timescales, by comparing African and European populations.

«Additionally, over a longer timescale, by keeping close connection between astrophysicists and climate researchers, this programme will aid in the understanding of our own changing climate.»

Michel Bouchon of Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble, France, is also monitoring the Earth's movement, but over a much longer timescale.

They demonstrated that species showing faster rates of genetic differentiation between populations are more likely to produce greater numbers of species over long evolutionary timescales.

Collisions take place over very long timescales compared to the length of our lifetime — several tens of millions of years.

Though typical galaxy collisions take place over what to us seems a long timescale, they are short compared to the lifetimes of galaxies.

In a paper published in Science Advances, he proposes that mass extinction occurs if one of two thresholds are crossed: For changes in the carbon cycle that occur over long timescales, extinctions will follow if those changes occur at rates faster than global ecosystems can adapt.

«Our results indicate that [Proxima Centauri b] and similar exoplanets are generally not capable of supporting an atmosphere over sufficiently long timescales when the stellar wind pressure is high,» Dong said.

«It is surprising, but Earth's atmosphere is about 50 trillion metric tons in mass, and so over long enough timescales — hundreds, thousands, even millions of years — all of that mass, and its drag across the surface of the planet, can have an effect,» said study author Caleb Scharf, director of astrobiology at Columbia University in New York.

Climate scientists would say in response that changes in ocean circulation can't sustain a net change in global temperature over such a long period (ENSO for example might raise or lower global temperature on a timescale of one or two years, but over decades there would be roughly zero net change).

Climate impacts research is in its infancy compared to science on the physical climate, for a number of reasons: attributing cause and effect isn't easy; neither is collecting data over timescales and regions long and large enough such that it's possible to draw any meaningful trends from their analysis.

It's not necessarily the case that relative trajectories of OHC and surface temperature have to be congruent over these long timescales.

Our results support the use of short - term manipulative experiments spanning weeks as proxies to understand the potential effects of global change forcing on diatom community structure over longer timescales such as years.

Ricarda Winkelmann et al. modeled the response of the Antarctic ice sheet to a wide range of future carbon emissions scenarios over the long - term (previous simulations have mainly looked at changes that might occur on a shorter timescale).

Over very long time periods such that the carbon cycle is in equilibrium with the climate, one gets a sensitivity to global temperature of about 20 ppm CO2 / deg C, or 75 ppb CH4 / deg C. On shorter timescales, the sensitivity for CO2 must be less (since there is no time for the deep ocean to come into balance), and variations over the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivOver very long time periods such that the carbon cycle is in equilibrium with the climate, one gets a sensitivity to global temperature of about 20 ppm CO2 / deg C, or 75 ppb CH4 / deg C. On shorter timescales, the sensitivity for CO2 must be less (since there is no time for the deep ocean to come into balance), and variations over the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivover the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivity.

The release of carbon dioxide and methane from the Arctic will provide a positive feedback to climate change which will be more important over longer timescales — millennia and longer.

Over longer timescales, the number of households using natural gas for space heating has increased — for example, in the Northeast, households are switching their heating fuel from heating oil to natural gas.

It would require a much stronger relationship of temperature driving CO2 than occurred during the ice age — interglacial oscillations (and it is also important to remember that those changes occurred over much longer timescales too... which is the presumed reason why there is a several hundred year lag time between temperatures starting to rise or fall and CO2 starting to rise or fall).

Determining the position of the SPCZ over longer timescales in the past (pre-20th century) has been studied using coral records of the southwest Pacific.

Some of these episodes are based on climatology (i.e., averages over decadal timescales) as previously mentioned, so they don't allow the study of interannual variability but do give strong evidence of prevailing conditions in the longer term; this is especially true of the southern hemisphere.

Market forces are largely ineffective in mitigating against Global Warming since markets tend to be relatively short term in comparison to the slightly longer timescales over which we will feel the full effects of GW.

Global Temperature is an example of a bulk property, and it does indeed average out over sufficient time scales; hence showing that whatever chaos, spatio - temporal or otherwise, is present in the system on short timescales it does not affect our longer term predictions.

The correspondence to obvserved changes in C02 on timescales of a couple of years, over the satellite era and to the degree seen even over the 20th century, makes it difficult not to conclude that sources involed in changes of C02 on short timescales are also involved in its change on long timescales.

Excellent work as usual, Bob, but you won't be surprised that I'm still trying to see how your ENSO material can be worked into the climate cycling from MWP to LIA to date without some other force altering the relative strengths of El Nino and La Nina over longer timescales than the multidecadal.

This study, which was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, is the first to analyze long - term trends in rainfall and surface air temperature over a timescale of nearly an entire century, the study's lead author, Natalie Thomas, a doctoral candidate in atmospheric and oceanic science at the University of Maryland, told Live Science.

The researches thus «urge extreme caution in attributing short - term trends (i.e. over many decades and longer) in US tropical cyclone losses to anthropogenic climate change,» stating that «anthropogenic climate change signals are unlikely to emerge in US tropical cyclone losses on timescales of less than a century under the projections examined here.»

Conversely, rural people in many parts of the world have, over long timescales, adapted to climate variability, or at least learned to cope with it.

To me, these results, in aggregate, convey an idea of the timescale over which the chaotic fluctuations probably dominated (relatively short intervals), and the longer timescale over which the forced response to the GHGs was dominant.

The notion that over the longer timescales, forced responses dominated (at least for the second half of the past century) is reinforced by data on Ocean Heat Uptake since 1955.

I know of no reason why the apparent averaging out of short term fluctuations over longer timescales dominated by forcing was an inevitable result that could have been derived without reference to the actual data.

We do not understand the interactions of a complex system sufficiently and the timescales over which ECS may be reached may well be longer than humans care about.

The potential change in the radiative restoration strength over longer timescales is also considered, resulting in a likely (67 %) range of 1.5 — 2.9 K for equilibrium climate sensitivity, and a 90 % confidence interval of 1.2 — 5.1 K

To measure how the system has shifted over long timescales, researchers collected long cores of sediment from the sea floor.

Over long enough timescales the initial conditions problem (i.e. one of chaos and weather) breaks down into a boundary conditions problem (i.e. governed by forcings), which can be resolved using an ENSEMBLE of models run with a variety of initial conditions.

Only over climate timescales (typically, 30 years or more), do the long - term trends emerge that reflect the influence of changes in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.»

I calculate Delta GT carbon = 6.5 * Delta T + 0.48 * emitted carbon, which I make to convert to 2.8 ppmv per degree C. That's much less than your figure, but given the timescales one would expect much more outgassing over a longer period because a greater quantity of water will warm.

Because of the time lags involve in the climate system, short - term changes can be very difficult to predict, but over a long enough timescale, these kinds of effects become all but certain.

Assuming a CR - cloud connection exists, there are various factors which could potentially account for a lack of detection of this relationship over both long and short timescales studies, including: uncertainties, artefacts and measurement limitations of the datasets; high noise levels in the data relative to the (likely low) amplitude of any solar - induced changes; the inability of studies to effectively isolate solar parameters; or the inability to isolate solar - induced changes from natural climate oscillations and periodicities.

Climate impacts research is in its infancy compared to science on the physical climate, for a number of reasons: attributing cause and effect isn't easy; neither is collecting data over timescales and regions long and large enough such that it's possible to draw any meaningful trends from their analysis.

Components of the Earth's climate system that vary over long timescales, such as ice sheets and vegetation, could have an important effect on this temperature sensitivity, but have often been neglected.

Climate scientists would say in response that changes in ocean circulation can't sustain a net change in global temperature over such a long period (ENSO for example might raise or lower global temperature on a timescale of one or two years, but over decades there would be roughly zero net change).

Debates over discounting are longstanding in climate analysis, but as my colleague Jerry Taylor wrote last year, economists who study climate change are inclined to choose lower discount rates because of the inter-generational transfers and long timescales associated with climate change.

When in balance, primary production and respiration processes result in large diel variability (Table 2), but are essentially CO2 - neutral; however, over longer timescales, spatial and / or temporal decoupling of these processes can change pH drastically (Borges and Gypens 2010; Provoost et al. 2010; Cai et al. 2011).

Another point he makes regards the speed of the change in CO2 levels and that somehow overwhelming negative feedbacks that would otherwise occur if the change in CO2 levels happened over a longer timescale.

Halting the production of marine biota C and maintaining the same fluxes of C out of marine biota, the marine biota C would be used up in about 3 weeks, at which point a 0.0022 % / year ** drawdown of O2 could persist for some longer time (** the actual removal of O2 from the atmosphere via oxidation in the deeper ocean may occur over a timescale of 1000 years, but the oxydation of organic C in the ocean might be completed over a significantly shorter time, so the actual removal of O2 from the atmosphere may be slower than 0.0022 % / year)-- but it still wouldn't have much total effect on the amount of atmospheric O2.

Climate is not the «variation» of weather over longer timescales.

Because climate is the variation of weather over longer timescales.