Sentences with phrase «over measurement methods»

Not exact matches

The payment of GST on insurance premiums has boosted those components of CPI inflation over the past year; the method of measurement based on premiums net of claims means that the recorded price of insurance in the CPI has increased by more than the GST rate.

Don't yet know, but do have the age of the universe pegged by independent methods of measurement to something over 13 billion years.

The effect of study size, age groups at outcome measurement (comparing those aged 16 — 30 y with those aged ≥ 50 y), year of birth, the method of ascertainment of infant feeding status (whether contemporary or recalled over a period of ≥ 5 y) was examined by using meta - regression and sensitivity analysis.

And because the comb measurements can be averaged over the entire path length rather than relying on a few spot measurements, the comb method is better matched to the scale of atmospheric transport models.

While the impact of such an achievement is not immediately obvious, the measurement could revolutionise the way we define temperature, replacing the standard method that has been used for over 50 years.

Nevertheless, now that accurate parallax measurements are or will soon be available for many Milky Way objects, they should be preferred over any less reliable method.

This method uses measurements of the rotation rate of the neutron star and the tiny amount by which that rotation slows over time to arrive at an estimate called the pulsar's «characteristic age.»

Mathematical Intimidation: Our society tends to value «hard» data — data based on numerical measurements — over «soft» data — data based on observation and other methods — even though both kinds of data have limitations.

Indicators and measurement methods should change over time in response to the continuous evaluation and improvement of a state's school accountability framework.

Improvements in methods and equipment, processes of maintenance and calibration as well as a vastly better understanding of measurement methods have reduced the measurement errors by an order of magnitude over those years.

Once this is understood, it's easy to see why there will be updates to the historical estimates over time: the raw measurement dataset used can be expanded, biases can be better understood and characterised, and the basic statistical methods for stitching it all together can be improved.

You claim that fundamental technological changes in temperature sensors, telemetry and data processing methods, over 30 years of time, in all the world, did nothing to change the measurements also in this respect.

I think it is over the heads of Myron Ebell's intended audience, however, and it may be necessary to write an overview — at high - school level — that explains the relative value of inductive and deductive methods in science, use of multi-compartment models in general, the sorts of problems they regularly entail (formulation, measurement, n - body calculation, brute - force computer simulation, experimental repetition, real - world validation, emergent properties, catastrophic regime - shift, assignment of probabilities, etc.) and how these are variously or provisionally overcome, according to the science you are practicing.

Whether you are gullible enough to accept the figures as accurate depends on how much credibility you put in the multitude of observational measurements taken by different methods over many decades by diverse groups of researchers that form a strong consilience of mutually supporting evidence for the validity of the estimates and the possible errors.

Generally, the remaining uncorrected effect from urban heat islands is now believed to be less than 0.1 C, and in some parts of the world it may be more than fully compensated for by other changes in measurement methods.4 Nevertheless, this remains an important source of uncertainty.The warming trend observed over the past century is too large to be easily dismissed as a consequence of measurement errors.

Then in 2003 the launch of two new satellites, ICESat and GRACE, led to vast improvements in one of the methods for mass balance determination, volume change, and introduced the ability to conduct gravimetric measurements of ice sheet mass over time.

Various methods collect data at different scales: Chamber measurements collect data over square - meter areas, tall towers and aircraft observe larger areas, and satellites (e.g., Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite, or GOSAT) observe areas larger than a square kilometer.

As a side note, Callendar was the man who did throw out a lot of local CO2 measurements made by chemical methods to show a curve for what he thought that the real increase of CO2 over time was until then.

The only comprehensive study of the Antarctic Ice Sheet mass was a 10 + year study based on continuous 24/365 satellite measurements over the period 1993 to 2003, covering 80 % of the AIS with estimates from other methods for the remaining 20 %, which can not be measured by satellites (coastal areas and polar regions).

Many of the historical CO2 data by chemical methods compiled by Ernst Beck are measurements (with less accuracy) which were taken at places nearby huge sources over land, not resembling background CO2 levels.

Now Kent et al 2007 have carried out a long overdue analysis of the metadata and reported that over 90 % of SST measurements in 1970 for which the measurement method was known were still being carried out by bucket, as shown in the following figure.

The SST data are a little more complex than the weather station data with which most of use are familiar: Whereas temperature measurements at weather stations have been performed according to a standard protocol for over a century, measurement methods for SST data have changed significantly over the same period.

Different ships used different measurement methods over the years, each of which potentially had different biases.

The main improvements with respect to V2 version flux products (Bentamy et al, 2008) are related to the improvements of the specific air humidity estimation from radiometer measurements, to the assessment of the surface winds retrieved from QuikSCAT scatterometers, and to the use of the new objective method allowing the calculation of flux analyses over the global oceans.

Roy Spencer developed his own surface temperature index for the USA 48, by using only the stations which have a homogenous method of taking data over time (four measurements per day) and which are hence completely free of any TOBS biases.

There was a report issued by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) in 1997 entitled «Instruments and Observing Methods» (Report No. 65) that explained because the modern electronic probes being installed across Australia reacted more quickly to second by second temperature changes, measurements from these devices need to be averaged over a one to ten - minute period to provide some measure of comparability with the original thermometers.

Allabakash S., P. Yasodha, L. Bianco, S. Venkatramana Reddy, P. Srinivasulu and S. Lim (September 2017): Improved boundary layer height measurement using a fuzzy logic method: Diurnal and seasonal variabilities of the convective boundary layer over a tropical station.

There should be no change in measurement methods and their implementation over many tens of years.

Over the years the makers of weather balloons had come up with better methods of preventing or correcting for this effect, but because no one had taken these improvements into account, the more accurate measurements appeared to show daytime temperatures getting cooler.

As would be expected, a major reason why standardized measurements haven't already been established is that various IT manufacturers bicker over just how to measure, since different methods make their equipment look better or worse compared to others.

The available 3GS data set includes two generations with childhood data on each (i.e., developmental history of the OYS fathers and their offspring), and includes five waves of IPV and six waves of child adjustment data for the offspring over a 12 - year period using a multi - agent / method measurement strategy.