Sentences with phrase «over the global oceans by»

Total column water vapour has increased over the global oceans by 1.2 ± 0.3 % per decade from 1988 to 2004, consistent in pattern and amount with changes in SST and a fairly constant relative humidity.

Not exact matches

nice question — there was indeed a global ocean in earths history and it was salt water — according to modern science when the plates moved and enclosed land creating a land locked ocean which over time turn to fresh water by leaking the salt into the bedrock... or something like that — i have rough understanding.

Global ocean levels have risen by 4 to 10 inches over the past 100 years.

According to the new findings, Earth may be able to significantly reduce global warming by releasing some of the heat through a «vent» in the cloud cover over the Pacific Ocean.

In the last two years alone, over 2.6 million square kilometers have been added to the portion of the global ocean covered by MPAs, bringing the total to over 14.9 million square kilometers.

The observed and projected rates of increase in freshwater runoff could potentially disrupt ocean circulation if global temperatures rise by 3 to 4 °C over this century as forecast by the IPCC 2001 report.

But as the ocean gets warmer, some models predict the glacier could make the global sea level rise by two or three feet over the next hundred years.

Since the CMIP5 models used by the IPCC on average adequately reproduce observed global warming in the last two and a half decades of the 20th century without any contribution from multidecadal ocean variability, it follows that those models (whose mean TCR is slightly over 1.8 °C) must be substantially too sensitive.

Unprecedented amounts of greenhouse gases (at least over the last few hundred thousand years) continue to accumulate in the atmosphere and the global climate (land surface, ocean, glaciers, stratosphere) continues to respond as predicted by theory and models.

But the same paucity of ice, which Arctic climate specialists say is driven increasingly by global greenhouse warming, has made it easy for an enormous bulk carrier, the MV Nordic Barents, to achieve a new feat of northern navigation — carrying more than 40,000 tons of concentrated iron ore from Kirkenes, Norway, along the Northern Sea Route over Russia and, as of yesterday, out of the Arctic Ocean on its way to a Chinese port.

Mercury levels in the upper layers of the ocean are up 3.4 x since the beginning of the industrial revolution, according to the first study to have done truly global measurements of marine mercury levels by taking thousands of samples around the world over half a decade.

In one projected event, large parts of the ice sheet melt and drain into the ocean over the next millennia, raising global sea levels by several tens of meters.

Some of the very wet years are caused by El Nino, a reversal of winds over the Pacific Ocean that has been going on every few years ever since there was a Pacific Ocean... People... will cite computer models predicting that El Ninos should become stronger or more frequent with global warming, but there are an awful lot of other models showing that they won't change or that they might even lessen in frequency.

Albedo from medium / low level clouds warms or cools the ocean surface by increasing or decreasing over time across the global surface.

Here the adjustment is determined by (1) calculating the collocated ship - buoy SST difference over the global ocean from 1982 - 2012, (2) calculating the global areal weighted average of ship - buoy SST difference, (3) applying a 12 - month running filter to the global averaged ship - buoy SST difference, and (4) evaluating the mean difference and its STD of ship - buoy SSTs based on the data from 1990 to 2012 (the data are noisy before 1990 due to sparse buoy observations).

The results for change scaled by global mean warming are rather similar across the four scenarios, an exception being a relatively large increase over the equatorial ocean for the commitment case.

The mechanism by which the effect of oceanic variability over time is transferred to the atmosphere involves evaporation, conduction, convection, clouds and rainfall the significance of which has to date been almost entirely ignored due to the absence of the necessary data especially as regards the effect of cloudiness changes on global albedo and thus the amount of solar energy able to enter the oceans.

Global warming is caused by the Sun, especially its radiation over the past century plus or minus a half century which is dominantly absorbed and stored in the ocean because the ocean is dark and because it has a high heat capacity (inertia in some Earth sciences).

The variation of net global sensible and latent heat flux from the ocean, being impacted greatly by ENSO, the PDO, and the AMO, plays the dominant role in the fluctuations in total energy output measured at the TOA over short - term time frames.

By comparing modelled and observed changes in such indices, which include the global mean surface temperature, the land - ocean temperature contrast, the temperature contrast between the NH and SH, the mean magnitude of the annual cycle in temperature over land and the mean meridional temperature gradient in the NH mid-latitudes, Braganza et al. (2004) estimate that anthropogenic forcing accounts for almost all of the warming observed between 1946 and 1995 whereas warming between 1896 and 1945 is explained by a combination of anthropogenic and natural forcing and internal variabilitBy comparing modelled and observed changes in such indices, which include the global mean surface temperature, the land - ocean temperature contrast, the temperature contrast between the NH and SH, the mean magnitude of the annual cycle in temperature over land and the mean meridional temperature gradient in the NH mid-latitudes, Braganza et al. (2004) estimate that anthropogenic forcing accounts for almost all of the warming observed between 1946 and 1995 whereas warming between 1896 and 1945 is explained by a combination of anthropogenic and natural forcing and internal variabilitby a combination of anthropogenic and natural forcing and internal variability.

The principal scientific objective is to make global SSS measurements over the ice - free oceans with 150 - km spatial resolution, and to achieve a measurement error less than 0.2 (PSS - 78 [practical salinity scale of 1978]-RRB- on a 30 - day time scale, taking into account all sensors and geophysical random errors and biases.Salinity is indeed a key indicator of the strength of the hydrologic cycle because it tracks the differences created by varying evaporation and precipitation, runoff, and ice processes.

Given that it is all eventually going to come back to the issue of the gradual gain we've been seeing in ocean heat content over many decades, the most accurate thing we can say is that 2014's warmth is very consistent with the general accumulation of energy in Earth's climate system caused by increasing GH gases and is well accounted for dynamically in global climate models.

Drought is expected to occur 20 - 40 percent more often in most of Australia over the coming decades.6, 18 If our heat - trapping emissions continue to rise at high rates, 19 more severe droughts are projected for eastern Australia in the first half of this century.6, 17 And droughts may occur up to 40 percent more often in southeast Australia by 2070.2 Unless we act now to curb global warming emissions, most regions of the country are expected to suffer exceptionally low soil moisture at almost double the frequency that they do now.3 Studies suggest that climate change is helping to weaken the trade winds over the Pacific Ocean, with the potential to change rainfall patterns in the region, including Australia.20, 21,16,22

In the present study, satellite altimetric height and historically available in situ temperature data were combined using the method developed by Willis et al. [2003], to produce global estimates of upper ocean heat content, thermosteric expansion, and temperature variability over the 10.5 - year period from the beginning of 1993 through mid-2003...

While the warming of average global surface temperatures has slowed (though not nearly as much as previously believed), the overall amount of heat accumulated by the global climate has not, with over 90 percent being absorbed by the oceans.

During that same period, average annual rainfall in New South Wales declined by 3.6 inches (92 millimeters).3 Scientists think the decline in autumn rainfall in southeast Australia since the late 1950s may be partly due to increases in heat - trapping gases in Earth's atmosphere.3, 14 Major bushfires over southeast Australia are linked to the positive phase of an ocean cycle called the «Indian Ocean Dipole» — when sea surface temperatures are warmer than average in the western Indian Ocean, likely in response to global warming.1ocean cycle called the «Indian Ocean Dipole» — when sea surface temperatures are warmer than average in the western Indian Ocean, likely in response to global warming.1Ocean Dipole» — when sea surface temperatures are warmer than average in the western Indian Ocean, likely in response to global warming.1Ocean, likely in response to global warming.15, 16

C: increase in atmospheric CO2 from pre-industrial to present is anthropogenic (D / A) S: best guess for likely climate sensitivity (NUM) s: 2 - sigma range of S (NUM) a: ocean acidification will be a problem (D / A) L: expected sea level rise by 2100 in cm (all contributions)(NUM) B: climate change will be beneficial (D / A) R: CO2 emissions need to be reduced drastically by 2050 (D / A) T: technical advances will take care of any problems (D / A) r: the 20th century global temperature record is reliable (D / A) H: over the last 1000 years global temperature was hockey stick shaped (D / A) D: data has been intentionally distorted by scientist to support the idea of anthropogenic climate change (D / A) g: the CRU - mails are important for the science (D / A) G: the CRU - mails are important otherwise (D / A)

Parts of North America and Europe may cool naturally over the next decade, as shifting ocean currents temporarily blunt the global - warming effect caused by mankind, Germany's Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences said.

Considering all the short - term factors identified by the scientific community that acted to slow the rate of global warming over the past two decades (volcanoes, ocean heat uptake, solar decreases, predominance of La Niñas, etc.) it is likely the temperature increase would have accelerated in comparison to the late 20th Century increases.

«A peer - reviewed paper [Krivova et al.] published in the Journal of Geophysical Research finds that reconstructions of total solar irradiance (TSI) show a significant increase since the Maunder minimum in the 1600's during the Little Ice Age and shows further increases over the 19th and 20th centuries... Use of the Stefan - Boltzmann equation indicates that a 1.25 W / m2 increase in solar activity could account for an approximate.44 C global temperature increase... A significant new finding is that portions of the more energetic ultraviolet region of the solar spectrum increased by almost 50 % over the 400 years since the Maunder minimum... This is highly significant because the UV portion of the solar spectrum is the most important for heating of the oceans due to the greatest penetration beyond the surface and highest energy levels.

In 1990, British cloud physicist John Latham published a paper arguing he could cool global climate by brightening clouds over the ocean.

HOW MUCH OF THE RISE IN GLOBAL TEMPERATURES OVER THE 20TH CENTURY COULD BE EXPLAINED BY THE GLOBAL OCEANS INTEGRATING ENSO?

published in the Journal of Geophysical Research finds that reconstructions of total solar irradiance (TSI) show a significant increase since the Maunder minimum in the 1600's during the Little Ice Age and shows further increases over the 19th and 20th centuries... Use of the Stefan - Boltzmann equation indicates that a 1.25 W / m2 increase in solar activity could account for an approximate.44 C global temperature increase... A significant new finding is that portions of the more energetic ultraviolet region of the solar spectrum increased by almost 50 % over the 400 years since the Maunder minimum... This is highly significant because the UV portion of the solar spectrum is the most important for heating of the oceans due to the greatest penetration beyond the surface and highest energy levels.

In recent decades, much research on these topics has raised the questions of «tipping points» and «system flips,» where feedbacks in the system compound to rapidly cause massive reorganization of global climate over very short periods of time — a truncation or reorganization of the thermohaline circulation or of food web structures, for instance, caused by the loss of sea ice or warming ocean temperatures.

Within hours of the announcement by scientists in the US that 2017 was at least the third warmest year recorded, if not the second, over the Earth's land and oceans, there comes a further revelation: 2017 was also the warmest year on record for the global oceans.

By examining the spatial pattern of both types of climate variation, the scientists found that the anthropogenic global warming signal was relatively spatially uniform over the tropical oceans and thus would not have a large effect on the atmospheric circulation, whereas the PDO shift in the 1990s consisted of warming in the tropical west Pacific and cooling in the subtropical and east tropical Pacific, which would enhance the existing sea surface temperature difference and thus intensify the circulation.

The fact this is seemingly not fully recognized — or here integrated — by Curry goes to the same reason Curry does not recognize why the so called «pause» is a fiction, why the «slowing» of the «rate» of increase in average ambient global land and ocean surface air temperatures over a shorter term period from the larger spike beyond the longer term mean of the 90s is also meaningless in terms of the basic issue, and why the average ambient increase in global air temperatures over such a short term is by far the least important empirical indicia of the issue.

On a global scale, the ocean warming is largest near the surface, and the upper 75 m warmed by 0.11 [0.09 to 0.13] °C per decade over the period 1971 — 2010.

The IPCC tells us that Over the period 1961 to 2003, global ocean temperature has risen by 0.1 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m.

«The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for July 2015 was the highest for July in the 136 - year period of record, at 0.81 °C (1.46 °F) above the 20th century average of 15.8 °C (60.4 °F), surpassing the previous record set in 1998 by 0.08 °C (0.14 °F).»

The paper by Tamisiea et al. (2010) examines how the exchange of water between the atmosphere, oceans, and continents can contribute to the water cycle, load the Earth and change its geoid, and cause the annual variations in relative sea level over the global ocean.

The response of atmospheric CO2 and climate to the reconstructed variability in solar irradiance and radiative forcing by volcanoes over the last millennium is examined by applying a coupled physical — biogeochemical climate model that includes the Lund - Potsdam - Jena dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ - DGVM) and a simplified analogue of a coupled atmosphere — ocean general circulation model.

This time period is too short to signify a change in the warming trend, as climate trends are measured over periods of decades, not years.12, 29,30,31,32 Such decade - long slowdowns or even reversals in trend have occurred before in the global instrumental record (for example, 1900 - 1910 and 1940 - 1950; see Figure 2.2), including three decade - long periods since 1970, each followed by a sharp temperature rise.33 Nonetheless, satellite and ocean observations indicate that the Earth - atmosphere climate system has continued to gain heat energy.34

The idea is, if the change in surface temperature over that period is affected by changes in cloud cover, but changes of the surface temperature associated with the ocean warming are small, then changes in cloud cover must be driving the present global warming.

Measuring the global temperature is only reliably done by satellites, which circle the world 24/7 measuring the temperature over large swathes of land and ocean.

They're also highly confident that if the global surface temperature increases by more than 2 degrees Celsius over present temperatures we could see «a nearly ice - free Arctic Ocean in late summer.»

Although we focus on a hypothesized CR - cloud connection, we note that it is difficult to separate changes in the CR flux from accompanying variations in solar irradiance and the solar wind, for which numerous causal links to climate have also been proposed, including: the influence of UV spectral irradiance on stratospheric heating and dynamic stratosphere - troposphere links (Haigh 1996); UV irradiance and radiative damage to phytoplankton influencing the release of volatile precursor compounds which form sulphate aerosols over ocean environments (Kniveton et al. 2003); an amplification of total solar irradiance (TSI) variations by the addition of energy in cloud - free regions enhancing tropospheric circulation features (Meehl et al. 2008; Roy & Haigh 2010); numerous solar - related influences (including solar wind inputs) to the properties of the global electric circuit (GEC) and associated microphysical cloud changes (Tinsley 2008).

For global average sea level, the main control on water density over these times is ocean temperature, with warming causing thermal expansion by roughly 0.4 m per degree C (Levermann et al., 2013).

Rise of the global average sea level over the time periods of most interest to human economies is controlled primarily by the mass or density of ocean water.

A Bureau of Ocean Energy Management report shows ceasing new Arctic and Gulf of Mexico drilling could decrease global CO2 by over 2 billion tonnes cumulatively.