Sentences with phrase «over the ice sheet in»

Throughout each year, layers of snow fall over the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica.

Antarctic ice is being melted from below by slightly warmer salt water, so the best idea they have is to start pumping that slightly warmer salt water all over the ice sheet in the hope that it will.....

Not exact matches

That half a degree is the difference between low - lying island states surviving, or Arctic ice remaining over the North Pole in summer, or increasing the risk of losing the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet or Greenland ice sheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level risice remaining over the North Pole in summer, or increasing the risk of losing the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet or Greenland ice sheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level risIce Sheet or Greenland ice sheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level rSheet or Greenland ice sheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level risice sheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level rsheet (either one of which implies an eight - metre sea level rise.)

1) Mix flour, butter and icing sugar in a bowl using two knives to cut the butter until the mixture resembles fine breadcrumbs 2) Add in the egg yolks and vanilla extracts and mix well, then add iced water until the dough starts to come together 3) Shape the dough into a ball on a cool, flat, floured surface 4) Flatten dough into a disc and then wrap in plastic wrap, and chill in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes 5) Meanwhile, peel, core and slice the apples into as thin slices as possible 6) Mix sugar and ground cinnamon powder with sliced apples and let it rest for a while 7) Pre-heat oven to 180 deg cel 8) Once dough has chilled, roll pastry dough on a sheet of parchment paper until it has expanded to the size of the tart mold (I used a rough mold the size of a large pizza) 9) Leaving at least an inch of dough free, arrange apple slices by overlapping them slightly in the shape of a circle, starting from the outermost part of the circle, until you reach the inside 10) Fold the edges of dough over the filling and then sprinkle the dough with a bit of sugar 11) Bake for about 40 - 45 minutes, or until the crust is golden brown and the apples are soft 12) Serve warm, with a side of whipped cream or ice cream (optional)

While most duck shooters snuggle deeper under the blankets, the Maine seabirder gets up at 4 a.m., drives his boat through swells that wash over the decks and turn them into sheets of ice, sets his trawl line of decoys, anchors in the lee of a ledge and covers his boat with rockweed.

These vast ice sheets are made of the snow that has fallen in Antarctica over the past million years or so.

Researchers established the first camp here in 1989, at the start of an international effort that drilled the 3,053 - meter - long Greenland Ice Sheet Project - 2 ice core, retrieving a record of climate over the previous 110,000 yeaIce Sheet Project - 2 ice core, retrieving a record of climate over the previous 110,000 yeaice core, retrieving a record of climate over the previous 110,000 years.

Stewart Jamieson from Durham University in England and his colleagues made the discovery by looking for subtle changes in the ice sheet's surface shapes, developed as a result of ice flowing over diverse topography.

As glaciologist Richard Alley of Pennsylvania State University notes: «The ice sheet is losing mass, this loss has increased over time, [and] it is not the dominant term in sea - level rise — but it matters.»

But in the Totten and Moscow University ice shelves over on the eastern half of the ice sheet, the story was far less clear, Paolo says.

When the team looked at the overall balance between the radiation upward from the surface of the ice sheet and the radiation both upward and downward from the upper levels of the atmosphere across all infrared wavelengths over the course of a year, they found that in central Antarctica the surface and lower atmosphere, against expectation, actually lose more energy to space if the air contains greenhouse gases, the researchers report online and in a forthcoming Geophysical Research Letters.

It's known that when ice sheets start to melt, cooling the air in that region, the winds over the Southern Ocean strengthen, Toggweiler says.

For one thing, he says, it contains a scenario in which the fresh meltwater from ice sheets increases exponentially over time, «which may not be realistic.»

«It is a very good paper which provides valuable new insights about the physical processes controlling the change in reflectivity of the Greenland ice sheet and specifically its darkening over time,» said Eric Rignot, a senior research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory who studies ice sheets but was not involved with the new study.

In contrast, Bierman and colleagues» data provides a record of continuous ice sheet activity over eastern Greenland but can't distinguish whether this was because there was a remnant in East Greenland or whether the ice sheet remained over the whole island, fluctuating in size as the climate warmed and cooled over millions of yearIn contrast, Bierman and colleagues» data provides a record of continuous ice sheet activity over eastern Greenland but can't distinguish whether this was because there was a remnant in East Greenland or whether the ice sheet remained over the whole island, fluctuating in size as the climate warmed and cooled over millions of yearin East Greenland or whether the ice sheet remained over the whole island, fluctuating in size as the climate warmed and cooled over millions of yearin size as the climate warmed and cooled over millions of years.

Volk: From what it is today, and yet it was massively different with ice sheets where you and I are talking right now; in New York City would have been covered with an ice sheet that was taller than the Empire State Building, that would have been right here, you know, over 20,000 years ago, and the distribution of trees and all kinds of organisms, these distributions were very different from what they are today.

When Duncan J. Wingham and his colleagues from University College London reviewed archived satellite records, they noticed that over a period of 16 months, the surface above an unnamed subglacial lake in the center of the East Antarctic ice sheet was sinking.

And in the lake bed sediments, the team will search for records of the poorly understood history of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, potentially revealing how the mighty glacier has waxed and waned over time.

Traveling by helicopter from the main American base of McMurdo Station on Ross Island to the Dry Valleys, researchers fly over a portion of the Ross Ice Shelf and then a corner of the mesmerizing white spread of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is the largest in the world.

«Warming greater than 2 degrees Celsius above 19th - century levels is projected to be disruptive, reducing global agricultural productivity, causing widespread loss of biodiversity and — if sustained over centuries — melting much of the Greenland ice sheet with ensuing rise in sea levels of several meters,» the AGU declares in its first statement in four years on «Human Impacts on Climate.»

«Sea - level rise could nearly double over earlier estimates in next 100 years: Researchers model effects of melting Antarctic ice sheets.»

Totten Glacier, the largest glacier in East Antarctica, is being melted from below by warm water that reaches the ice when winds over the ocean are strong — a cause for concern because the glacier holds more than 11 feet of sea level rise and acts as a plug that helps lock in the ice of the East Antarctic Ice Sheice when winds over the ocean are strong — a cause for concern because the glacier holds more than 11 feet of sea level rise and acts as a plug that helps lock in the ice of the East Antarctic Ice Sheice of the East Antarctic Ice SheIce Sheet.

Hawkings and his collaborators spent three months in 2012 and 2013 gathering water samples and measuring the flow of water from the 600 - square - kilometer (230 - square - mile) Leverett Glacier and the smaller, 36 - square - kilometer (14 - square - mile) Kiattuut Sermiat Glacier in Greenland as part of a Natural Environment Research Council - funded project to understand how much phosphorus, in various forms, was escaping from the ice sheet over time and draining into the sea.

«It turns out that for much of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet's history, it was not the commonly perceived large stable ice sheet with only minor changes in size over millions of years,» he saIce Sheet's history, it was not the commonly perceived large stable ice sheet with only minor changes in size over millions of years,» he Sheet's history, it was not the commonly perceived large stable ice sheet with only minor changes in size over millions of years,» he saice sheet with only minor changes in size over millions of years,» he sheet with only minor changes in size over millions of years,» he said.

What they found was that local destabilization of the Amundsen Sea region of West Antarctica ultimately causes the entire ice sheet to fall into the ocean over several centuries to several thousands of years, gradually adding 3 meters to global sea levels, they report online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

In 2014, two papers, one in Science and one in Geophysical Review Letters, noted that the Thwaites Glacier, which some scientists call the «weak underbelly» of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, has retreated dramatically over the past 2 decadeIn 2014, two papers, one in Science and one in Geophysical Review Letters, noted that the Thwaites Glacier, which some scientists call the «weak underbelly» of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, has retreated dramatically over the past 2 decadein Science and one in Geophysical Review Letters, noted that the Thwaites Glacier, which some scientists call the «weak underbelly» of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, has retreated dramatically over the past 2 decadein Geophysical Review Letters, noted that the Thwaites Glacier, which some scientists call the «weak underbelly» of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, has retreated dramatically over the past 2 decades.

A more recent study based on satellite measurements of gravity over the entire continent suggests that while the ice sheets in the interior of Antarctica are growing thicker, even more ice is being lost from the peripheries.

A new study by scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, and the University of California, Irvine, shows that while ice sheets and glaciers continue to melt, changes in weather and climate over the past decade have caused Earth's continents to soak up and store an extra 3.2 trillion tons of water in soils, lakes and underground aquifers, temporarily slowing the rate of sea level rise by about 20 percent.

«We know that there could potentially be catastrophic collapse of the ice sheets — we know it has happened in the past — but we don't know how likely it is to happen over our time scale.

«The primary uncertainty in sea level rise is what are the ice sheets going to do over the coming century,» said Mathieu Morlighem, an expert in ice sheet modeling at the University of California, Irvine, who led the paper along with dozens of other contributors from institutions around the world.

From an altitude of just over 700 km, CryoSat will precisely monitor changes in the thickness of sea ice and variations in the thickness of the ice sheets on land.

«This makes future projections extremely challenging — anything from 10 centimeters to over a meter is currently on the table for sea - level rise due to melting ice sheets,» Landerer said in an email.

Wiens is careful not to get out in front of the data, but he does say that over a long period of time, there is a danger the West Antarctic ice sheet will melt.

Scientists Sound Alarm Over Melting Antarctic Ice Sheets by Steve Connor, Science Editor in San Francisco February 16, 2007 The lndependent / UK

To consider change in the ice sheet over time, we also need to know how the inputs change over time.

«As a result of the acceleration of outlet glaciers over large regions, the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are already contributing more and faster to sea level rise than anticipated,» he observed.

Combined with melting from mountain glaciers and the Greenland Ice Sheet, this could result in flooding of low - lying areas of Earth over the next century.

But in July 2012, a combination of soot from fires in Siberia coupled with warm temperatures caused a record - setting 95 percent of the ice sheet to melt over the course of a week.

In the cold times, ice sheets advanced over large parts of North America and northern Europe.

Here we show that the East Greenland Ice Sheet existed over the past 7.5 million years, as indicated by beryllium and aluminum isotopes (10Be and 26Al) in quartz sand removed by deep, ongoing glacial erosion on land and deposited offshore in the marine sedimentary record.

One recent modeling study focused on this mode of instability estimated that the Antarctic ice sheet has a 1 - in - 20 chance of contributing about 30 centimeters (1.0 feet) to global average sea - level rise over the course of this century and 72 centimeters (2.4 feet) by the end of the next century.

In northern latitudes the reverse is happening — land is rising after being liberated from the mass of the ice sheets, again normally by less than 1mm / yr, but in places over 5mm / yr (Peltier et al. 2015In northern latitudes the reverse is happening — land is rising after being liberated from the mass of the ice sheets, again normally by less than 1mm / yr, but in places over 5mm / yr (Peltier et al. 2015in places over 5mm / yr (Peltier et al. 2015).

That estimate was based in part on the fact that sea level is now rising 3.2 mm / yr (3.2 m / millennium)[57], an order of magnitude faster than the rate during the prior several thousand years, with rapid change of ice sheet mass balance over the past few decades [23] and Greenland and Antarctica now losing mass at accelerating rates [23]--[24].

This warm phase had begun in the Cretaceous period, peaked in the early Eocene, and continued to the end of the Eocene, when global temperatures dropped and ice sheets formed over the Antarctic.

Spatial and temporal variability in snow accumulation at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide over recent centuries.

Previous research by Box using ice cores — long cylinders drilled out of the ice sheet that let scientists sample hundreds of years of ice layers — showed that in the past, snowfall has increased over the ice sheet as temperatures have risen.

During glacials, large ice sheets developed in mid - to high - latitudes, including over Britain and North America.

Winter's shorter days and colder temperatures make fitting in a run no easy taskâ $» not to mention how arduous it is to stomp through snow or tiptoe over a sheet of ice.

If one could go back to the site of Chicago, Illinois, 18,000 years ago, you would be standing on an ice sheet over two miles thick, and you would be in a climate just like the Arctic is today.

Samples of gas trapped in ice cores taken from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have enabled scientists to determine that the level of CO2 in the atmosphere has fluctuated between approximately 180 ppm (glacial advance and colder climate in the higher latitudes) and 280 ppm (glacial retreat and warmer climate in the higher latitudes), over the past 400,000 or more years.