This allowed the international team to determine that the explosion was a Type IIb supernova: the explosion of a massive star that had previously lost most of
its hydrogen envelope, a species of exploding star first observationally identified by Filippenko in 1987.
Its outer
hydrogen envelope becomes more loosely bound and vulnerable to gravitational stripping, or a type of stellar cannibalism, by the nearby companion star.
Sporadic changes in the wind strength or the rate the companion star strips the main star's
hydrogen envelope might also explain the clumpy structure and gaps seen farther out in the disk.
In that process, the more compact star winds up gaining mass, and the original massive star loses
its hydrogen envelope, exposing its helium core to become a Wolf - Rayet star.
Another way Wolf - Rayet stars are said to form is when a massive star ejects its own
hydrogen envelope in a strong stellar wind streaming with charged particles.
The one GOOD thing about these direct hits would be ELIMINATION of thick
Hydrogen envelopes around these types of planets when these envelopes were HEATED by MUCH MORE LUMINOUS HOST STARS to the point where the envelopes FILLED the planets» Hill spheres.
Not exact matches
One way to account for this is through the behavior of its massive
envelope of
hydrogen and helium gases.
Type Ic supernovae, the explosions after the core collapse of massive stars that have previously lost their
hydrogen and helium
envelopes, are particularly interesting because of their link with long - duration gamma ray bursts.
Kepler - 296f is twice the size of Earth, but scientists do not know whether the planet is a gaseous world, with a thick
hydrogen - helium
envelope, or it is a water world surrounded by a deep ocean.
But in many instances, the simulations show, even planets starting with rocky cores as little as 1.5 Earth's mass may trap and hold atmospheres containing between 100 and 1000 times the amount of
hydrogen found in the water in Earth's oceans — thick, dense
envelopes exerting pressures so hellish that life on the planets» surfaces might be almost impossible.
Computer simulations show that planets similar to or larger in mass than the Earth that are born with thick
envelopes of
hydrogen and helium are likely to retain their stifling atmospheres.
Eventually, Stars Aa and Ab will lose much of their current mass, from intensified stellar winds that eventually puff out their outer gas
envelopes of
hydrogen and helium (and lesser amounts of higher elements such as carbon and oxygen) into interstellar space as planetary nebulae.
Information about the ang... ▽ More When the core
hydrogen is exhausted during stellar evolution, the central region of a star contracts and the outer
envelope expands and cools, giving rise to a red giant, in which convection occupies a large fraction of the star.
Theoretical modelling indicate that a hot steam planet could form if it formed in a colder orbit farther from GJ 1214, where lower temperatures would have created an ice - rock composition similar to Jupiter's moon Ganymede, and the planet should have formed too late to accrete a large
hydrogen - helium gas
envelope.
Abstract: When the core
hydrogen is exhausted during stellar evolution, the central region of a star contracts and the outer
envelope expands and cools, giving rise to a red giant, in which convection occupies a large fraction of the star.
A new super-Earth with around 10 Earth - masses (that may have a gaseous atmospheric
envelope of
hydrogen and helium like Uranus) has been detected in a cold orbit around a dim, low - mass star aroud 9,900 light - years away (more).