Sentences with phrase «oxygen molecules which»

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The test, which could be available to patients within two years, identifies the chemical signatures found in the plasma of blood joint proteins damaged by oxidation, nitration and glycation; the modification of proteins with oxygen, nitrogen and sugar molecules.

In the end, Liu replaced the original system's problem catalysts — which made a microbe - killing, highly reactive type of oxygen molecule — with cobalt - phosphorus, which didn't bother the bacteria.

What differentiates this process from tradition biofuel production is the infusion of hydrogen — it removes the dilutive oxygen that most biofuels contain, leaving only the combustible isoparaffins and paraffins, which are indistinguishable from the molecules in refined petroleum.The only byproduct of the process is propane, which can be reintroduced into the production loop as a source of hydrogen.

They found that after 180 days neither dose led to measurable changes in the soil's mix of DNA and molecules found in bacterial cell walls (which reveals the amount and types of bacteria present), its levels of nutrients or rate of CO2 formation — the latter of which reflects how well the bacteria are utilizing oxygen.

Every protein consists of a long chain of joined - together amino acids, which are small molecules made up of atoms of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and hydrogen.

Scientists have long assumed that wounded mitochondria release reactive oxygen molecules, which then damage DNA and proteins, increasing disease risk.

While lower - energy ultraviolet radiation breaks up water molecules — a process called photodissociation — ultraviolet rays with more energy (XUV radiation) and X-rays heat the upper atmosphere of a planet, which allows the products of photodissociation, hydrogen and oxygen, to escape.

By modeling the reaction, they concluded that the initial energy burst could come from ultraviolet (UV) light, which produces energetic oxygen called singlet oxygen when it breaks up water molecules.

This frees up oxygen atoms, which join up to form ozone molecules on the cooler night side (Icarus, DOI: 10.1016 / j.icarus.2011.08.010).

The lander would refuel on the space station, and would utilize liquid hydrogen fuel, which would come from water molecules broken into their composite oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

They are not like the oxygen molecules or the nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere, which do not absorb infrared, but the greenhouse gases do.

Oxygen atoms ringing the pore bonded to one water molecule, which then entered the spherical cage under high temperature and pressure (Science, DOI: 10.1126 / science.1206376).

It's called oxidizing because it causes the molecule to undergo a reaction in which it combines with oxygen, breaking C - H bonds and forming new carbon - oxygen bonds.

MacDonnell also has worked on developing new photocatalysts for hydrogen generation, with the goal of creating an artificial photosynthetic system which uses solar energy to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.

Roth and his colleagues instead went looking in Hubble's ultraviolet images, which can capture the light emitted when hydrogen and oxygen molecules collide with stray electrons.

It has been theorized that the major cause of bleaching is the result of chloroplast damage due to heat stress, which results in the production of toxic, highly reactive oxygen molecules during photosynthesis.

«Sodium ions are much smaller than the hydrogen protons bound to oxygen molecules in the water in our bodies which are mapped by conventional MRI.

Using spectral readings from telescopes at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, Hand has found high levels of oxidative chemicals such as sulfate, oxygen, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on Europa's surface, which are produced as ionizing radiation from Jupiter scours it, splitting apart water molecules and sulfur compounds in the uppermost layers of its ice.

They found that soluble iron in the earliest oceans quickly combined with oxygen to form rust — forming reactive oxygen molecules, which damage biological tissue and make the cyananobacteria grow more slowly and produce less oxygen.

Unlike most microbes, which trade their harvested electrons to oxygen molecules, R. ferrireducens trades with earth minerals like iron oxides.

In addition, treatment with Korean red ginseng extract suppressed the expression of RSV - induced inflammatory genes and the formation of chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen, which play a role in virus - induced epithelial damage in RSV.

This fact makes vacuum UV light extremely useful for industrial applications from sterilizing medical devices to cleaning semiconductor substrates because when it strikes oxygen - containing molecules on a surface, it generates highly reactive oxygen radicals, which can completely destroy any microbes contaminating that surface.

After breaking away from the molecule in the strong laser field, the electron returned and was scattered on a molecular ion, which resulted in the molecule dissociation into a positive nitrogen ion and an oxygen atom.

Our catalyst improves this process by passing through a chemical intermediate — called an eta -3-ozone intermediate — in which the two oxygen atoms from molecular oxygen can be easily separated from each other and passed on to two different molecules of substrate.

These, in turn, triggered reactions in the upper atmosphere in which oxygen and nitrogen molecules released photons of light.

This caused oxidative stress — too much oxygen that damages healthy cells — and allowed the release of harmful molecules, called free radicals, which resulted in serious illness.

That light is absorbed by the chlorine - based molecules, which then excite nearby oxygen molecules, creating a highly reactive form of oxygen, known as singlet oxygen, that rips apart nearby biomolecules and kills the tumor cell.

The answer is that before the sunlight reaches Earth, it first has to travel through our atmosphere, which is a layer of gas made up of tiny molecules of mostly nitrogen and oxygen that surrounds our planet.

The researchers tested a variety of solutions containing the soil bacteria Geobacter sulfurreducens and Thiobacillus denitrificans, which thrive by eating acetate (an organic compound that makes vinegar sour) and nitrate (a negatively - charged molecule of biologically available nitrogen and oxygen), respectively, when they can find a spare electron or two.

This aurora is driven by Jupiter's intense magnetic field, which causes particles to reach such high speeds that they can split the water molecules in the plume when they hit them, resulting in oxygen and hydrogen ions which leave their telltale imprint in the colours of the aurora.

In particular, a charged molecule called hydronium, which has three hydrogen atoms and one oxygen ion, can transform into water (plus an independent hydrogen atom) if it captures a free - floating electron.

In this phenomenon, water molecules and oxygen in the atmosphere create strong oxidants which degrade organic compounds into water and carbon dioxide.

Other groups have shown that graphene oxide can be made moisture responsive through a chemical reaction called reduction, which removes oxygen from molecules.

Be it the azure of high noon or the orange glow of dusk, the colors of the sky result from sunlight interacting with molecules in the air, primarily nitrogen and oxygen, which cause it to be deflected in all directions, a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering.

For example, another trial set to start soon will focus on sickle cell disease, in which the oxygen - carrying haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells are abnormal.

There, water molecules will be exposed to ultraviolet rays, which will break them into hydrogen and oxygen — and then many of those lightweight hydrogen atoms will fly off into space.

This is the first time anyone has seen a star with a tail, which spectral analysis reveals comprises mainly carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen molecules — some of the elements necessary for life.

When water molecules rise into the upper atmosphere, sunlight breaks the water into hydrogen ions which are fast and escape easily, and heavier oxygen ions which are carried away by the electric field.

Porphyrins are produced as part of the normal process that makes an important molecule called heme, which is required to transport oxygen.

On Titan, where solar ultraviolet radiation is much weaker and oxygen - bearing molecules are substantially less abundant, methane can last 10 million to 100 million years (which is still a short time in geologic terms).

Lower in the atmosphere, oxygen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (OH), which form when water molecules are broken apart by ultraviolet photons, oxidize methane.

Many, many investigators have contributed over the years to the development of a form of artificial photosynthesis in which sunlight - activated catalysts split water molecules to yield oxygen and hydrogen — the latter being a valuable chemical for a wide range of sustainable technologies.

The reaction starts by oxidizing the metal, which pulls electrons away from the oxygen on a water molecule.

The near - infrared mapping spectrometer on NASA's Galileo spacecraft found evidence of the presence of molecules made of oxygen, carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrogen on Europa, and a hint of the presence of a class of complex organic compounds called tholins which may be driven by pre-biotic processes (more).

Also on tap: a new generation of telescopes, including NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, which could find chemical fingerprints of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and other molecules in the atmospheres of extrasolar planets.

Ruane works at Caltech's Exoplanet Technology Laboratory, or ET Lab, which is developing new strategies to scan for exoplanetary biosignatures, such as oxygen molecules and methane.

Increased glucose processing has long been thought to inflict damage on the mitochondria (the cell's power generators), which then produce large amounts of reactive oxygen molecules, which in turn leads to kidney disease.

Also, in space beyond our solar system, there have been found organic molecules with bonds of carbon and oxygen which make up amino acids.

The radiation triggers a shower of reactive oxygen compounds which are toxic to all sorts of parts of the cell: «Proteins, lipids, they chew up any biological molecule,» Lin said.

«In this new study we report data from the S3 (2 - flash) and S0 (3 - flash) states, which are the intermediate states directly before and after the evolution of the oxygen molecule.