Sentences with phrase «ozone concentrations as»
Also, the CRS reports, ozone concentrations as high as those in Los Angeles, the nation's smoggiest city, have been found near oil and gas fields — during winter — in rural areas of Wyoming, Utah and Colorado.
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/ Not exact matches
Simulations that don't include the effect of CH2Cl2 suggest that high - altitude ozone in the Antarctic will return to pre-1980 levels, the concentration measured before CFCs and other ozone - destroying chemicals were recognized as a problem, in 2065.
Those who were exposed to the highest concentrations of ozone were about 20 percent more likely to develop diabetes, even after adjusting for other possible explanations such as diet and exercise levels.
According to previous simulations, UV - B radiation at the end of the Permian may have increased from a background level of 10 kilojoules (just above current ambient levels) to as much as 100 kilojoules, due to large concentrations of ozone - damaging halogens spewed from volcanoes (SN: 1/15/11, p. 12).
8 hour average ozone concentrations of 85 to 104 ppbv are described as «Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups», 105 ppbv to 124 ppbv as «unhealthy» and 125 ppb to 404 ppb as «very unhealthy.»
The concentration of pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) represents one key factor in ozone destruction, but weather conditions impact the hole as well.
Although the Montreal Protocol came into force in 1987 and restricted the use of ozone - depleting substances, atmospheric concentrations of these harmful substances continued to rise as they can survive in the atmosphere for many years.
The device would have measured ozone concentration, gases involved in ozone depletion, and aerosols such as those from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.
Even though open windows bring in more ozone from outside, the reduction in the indoor limonene concentration and SOA formation strength more than make up for it, as less secondary organic aerosol is formed inside.
By adjusting elements of the test, such as the air exchange rate, which is the number of times per hour indoor air is replaced by outdoor air, as well as the concentrations of terpene and ozone in the chamber, the group was able to ascertain how those variables each affected the formation of secondary organic aerosols.
High ozone concentrations typically occur outside of the cities and represent a risk factor for the health of rural population as well as for agricultural production.
But because the gas does not occur naturally, even small concentrations are a sign that other more common pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and ozone, could be present.
The specialized instruments onboard the aircraft sampled the plume for aerosol particle size distribution and composition as well as concentrations of pollutant gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
«The increased use of clean energy sources that do not emit greenhouse gases or conventional air pollutants... would be doubly beneficial to global food security, as they do not contribute to either climate change or increased surface - ozone concentrations,» she said.
Pallas is one of the sites of the Finnish network for monitoring the concentrations of mercury and other heavy metals, benzo (a) pyrene, ozone and other air pollutants, as required by the European legislation on ambient air quality.
There are a large number of recent peer - reviewed scientific publications demonstrating how solar activity can affect our climate (Benestad, 2002), such as how changes in the UV radiation following the solar activity affect the stratospheric ozone concentrations (1999) and how earth's temperatures respond to changes in the total solar irradiance (Meehl, 2003).
But then the other thing going on is those same protons run to the closing isobars of the earth EMF away from the tropics, and there reduce ozone, and create over time a concentration of ozone over the tropics, thereby increasing the intensity of the ITCZ and increasing tropical storm probabilities, as the wind then wanes under 500.
As to the specific papers you cited, Miller et al 2006 states,» Recent changes in the magnitude of the annular patterns have been interpreted as the signature of anthropogenic forcing by changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) or else stratospheric ozone [Shindell et al., 1999; Fyfe et al., 1999; Kushner et al., 2001; Kindem and Christiansen, 2001; Sexton, 2001; Gillett and Thompson, 2003; Shindell and Schmidt, 2004; Arblaster and Meehl, 2006].&raquAs to the specific papers you cited, Miller et al 2006 states,» Recent changes in the magnitude of the annular patterns have been interpreted as the signature of anthropogenic forcing by changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) or else stratospheric ozone [Shindell et al., 1999; Fyfe et al., 1999; Kushner et al., 2001; Kindem and Christiansen, 2001; Sexton, 2001; Gillett and Thompson, 2003; Shindell and Schmidt, 2004; Arblaster and Meehl, 2006].&raquas the signature of anthropogenic forcing by changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) or else stratospheric ozone [Shindell et al., 1999; Fyfe et al., 1999; Kushner et al., 2001; Kindem and Christiansen, 2001; Sexton, 2001; Gillett and Thompson, 2003; Shindell and Schmidt, 2004; Arblaster and Meehl, 2006].»
Scientists use the word hole as a metaphor for the area in which ozone concentrations drop below the historical threshold of 220 Dobson Units.
The Imperial College London researchers cautioned that even plants that can take advantage of higher CO2 levels could be harmed by other climate change impacts, such as increased temperature and ozone concentration.
Although concentrations should level off as the Montreal Protocol on Substances which Deplete the Ozone Layer is implemented, CFCs have long life - times, and their effects will be felt for many decades to come.
Pallas is one of the sites of the Finnish network for monitoring the concentrations of mercury and other heavy metals, benzo (a) pyrene, ozone and other air pollutants, as required by the European legislation on ambient air quality.
Due to the important role of ozone in driving temperature changes in the stratosphere as well as radiative forcing of surface climate, several different groups have provided databases characterizing the time - varying concentrations of this key gas that can be used to force global climate change simulations (particularly for those models that do not calculate ozone from photochemical principles).
In his World Day of Peace Message in 1990, St. Pope John Paul II said, «The gradual depletion of the ozone layer and the related «greenhouse effect» has now reached crisis proportions as a consequence of industrial growth, massive urban concentrations and vastly increased energy needs.»
Moonbats: «Jacobson found that domes of increased carbon dioxide concentrations — discovered to form above cities more than a decade ago — cause local temperature increases that in turn increase the amounts of local air pollutants, raising concentrations of health - damaging ground - level ozone as well as particles in urban air.»
As a result of the discovery of ozone depletion and the scientific advances that delineated its causes, efforts to reduce the production, and ultimately the atmospheric concentrations, of ozone - depleting chemicals were begun in the late 1980s through the ratification of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer by many countries across the gozone depletion and the scientific advances that delineated its causes, efforts to reduce the production, and ultimately the atmospheric concentrations, of ozone - depleting chemicals were begun in the late 1980s through the ratification of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer by many countries across the gozone - depleting chemicals were begun in the late 1980s through the ratification of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer by many countries across the gOzone Layer by many countries across the globe.
Indeed, strong observational evidence and results from modeling studies indicate that, at least over the last 50 years, human activities are a major contributor to climate change.Direct human impact is through changes in the concentration of certain trace gases such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor, known collectively as greenhouse gases.
Additionally, a recent scientific paper revealed that HFCs actually do cause ozone depletion which will be significant to the climate as concentrations of these gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere.
«The direct health effects caused by higher ozone concentration include irritation of mucous membranes, respiratory reactions such as reduced lung functions, cardiovascular diseases, as well as an impaired physical performance,» according to Umweltbundesamt.
6 Ice age — time in the past when continental glaciers covered large parts of Earth's surface Global warming — a gradual increase in the temperature of Earth's atmosphere Greenhouse gas — Gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, that trap solar energy Ozone hole — a large area of reduced ozone concentration in the stratosphere, found over Antarctica Chlorofluorocarbon — chlorine compounds that are the main cause of ozone depletion KEY Ozone hole — a large area of reduced ozone concentration in the stratosphere, found over Antarctica Chlorofluorocarbon — chlorine compounds that are the main cause of ozone depletion KEY ozone concentration in the stratosphere, found over Antarctica Chlorofluorocarbon — chlorine compounds that are the main cause of ozone depletion KEY ozone depletion KEY TERMS
During extreme heat events, nighttime temperatures in the region's big cities are generally several degrees higher28 than surrounding regions, leading to increased heat - related death among those less able to recover from the heat of the day.36 Since the hottest days in the Northeast are often associated with high concentrations of ground - level ozone and other pollutants, 37 the combination of heat stress and poor air quality can pose a major health risk to vulnerable groups: young children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions including asthma.29 Vulnerability is further increased as key infrastructure, including electricity for potentially life - saving air conditioning, is more likely to fail precisely when it is most needed — when demand exceeds available supply.
Apart from black carbon, over-concentrations of nitrous oxide and methane also concern the scientists as the larger - than - expected concentration of both these gases can contribute to increasing the heat and thinning the ozone layer.
Since a sustainable future based on the continued extraction of coal, oil and gas in the «business - as - usual mode» will not be possible because of both resource depletion and environmental damages (as caused, e.g., by dangerous sea level rise) we urge our societies to -LSB-...] Reduce the concentrations of warming air pollutants (dark soot, methane, lower atmosphere ozone, and hydrofluorocarbons) by as much as 50 % [and] cut the climate forcers that have short atmospheric lifetimes.
As NOAA's Ozone Depleting Gas Index demonstrates, the Montreal Protocol has succeeded in gradually restoring ozone concentrations in the stratospOzone Depleting Gas Index demonstrates, the Montreal Protocol has succeeded in gradually restoring ozone concentrations in the stratospozone concentrations in the stratosphere.
Concentrations of ground level ozone could increase as air temperatures rise, causing respiratory illnesses, especially in urban areas, to increase.
However, the use of this term is not uniform when discussing stabilisation targets as some authors define carbon dioxide equivalent concentrations as the net forcing of all anthropogenic radiative forcing agents including greenhouse gases, tropospheric ozone, and aerosols but not natural forcings.
The final step, as yet far from completion, is to measure the actual temperature and concentration of each molecule at each point in the atmosphere — including methane, ozone, aerosols and much more.
This thinning, which can decrease the ozone concentration by as much as 70 percent, was caused by the rampant use of human - made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), organic compounds that were once widely used in cooling systems and aerosols.
However, when nitrogen oxides are present in high concentrations as a result of human - caused pollution, VOCs react with these pollutants to produce more ozone and methane.
The caveat is that these molecules can weakly absorb sunlight in the near IR and visible on combination and overtone bands, mostly of water vapor, and on weakly absorbing forbidden transitions such as the Chappius bands of ozone, and for very low concentrations of dimers.
Changes in stratospheric temperatures, induced by changes in ozone or LLGHG concentration, alter the Brewer - Dobson circulation (Butchart and Scaife, 2001; Butchart et al., 2006), controlling the rate at which long - lived molecules, such as LLGHGs, CFCs, HCFCs and halogens are transported from the troposphere to various levels in the stratosphere.
Not surprisingly, highly populated regions such as the Los Angeles, Riverside and Houston areas, where the climate is sunny for much of the year and the air mass is relatively stable, had the highest average concentrations of ozone, ranging from 62.5 to 104 ppb.
Since a large body of evidence links pollution with poor health, and health is an important part of human capital, efforts to reduce pollution could plausibly be viewed as an investment in human capital and thus a tool for promoting economic growth... We find robust evidence that ozone levels well below federal air quality standards have a significant impact on productivity: a 10 ppb decrease in ozone concentrations increases worker productivity by 4.2 percent.