Sentences with phrase «ozone concentrations in»

«Thanks in part to the increased use of domestic natural gas, ozone concentrations in the air have dropped by 17 percent since 2000, all of which makes the United States not just an energy superpower, but also a leader in reducing global emissions.

We present an analysis of how three alternative scenarios for US power plant carbon standards could change fine particulate matter and ozone concentrations in ambient air, and the resulting public health co-benefits.

Figure 3: Percentage difference in monthly mean surface ozone concentrations in March, between the run in which spring and summer sea ice is removed («extreme scenario») and the run in which no perturbations were applied.

Ku, W. Solecki, J. Cox, C. Small, C. Rosenzweig, R. Goldberg, K. Knowlton, and P. Kinney, 2007: Estimating the effects of increased urbanization on surface meteorology and ozone concentrations in the New York City metropolitan region.

That increase will have a disproportionately large impact on vegetation because ozone concentrations in many locations will rise above the critical level where adverse effects are observed in plants and ecosystems.

As NOAA's Ozone Depleting Gas Index demonstrates, the Montreal Protocol has succeeded in gradually restoring ozone concentrations in the stratosphere.

At the same time, increased use of domestic natural gas has helped reduce ozone concentrations in the air by 17 percent since 2005:

-- The second, being the observed change of some trees» CO2 - enhanced growth storing more carbon in their standing wood, is of very limited potential and is not rising at anywhere near the rate of the countervailing increase since 1980 of the impacts on forests of droughts, heat waves and surface ozone concentrations in terms of growth - suppression and of pests, ailments, dieback and rising frequency, duration and intensity of wildfires.

A. Ozone concentrations in the lower and middle stratosphere are in phase with the solar cycle, while in anti phase with the solar cycle in the upper stratosphere.

Normally ozone concentrations in this part of the atmosphere are three to ten times higher.

The ozone concentrations in his measurements remained nearly constantly below the detection limit of approx. 10 ppbv in the entire vertical range from the surface of Earth to an altitude of around 15 kilometres.

«A week ago, the ozone concentration in the stratosphere was still at a normal level; I don't know if it has changed yet.

These show that just such a long - term decrease is taking place, and that there were unusually low values of ozone concentration in 1992 between latitudes 50 degrees North and 60 degrees North, covering Northern Europe, Russia and Canada.

6 Ice age — time in the past when continental glaciers covered large parts of Earth's surface Global warming — a gradual increase in the temperature of Earth's atmosphere Greenhouse gas — Gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, that trap solar energy Ozone hole — a large area of reduced ozone concentration in the stratosphere, found over Antarctica Chlorofluorocarbon — chlorine compounds that are the main cause of ozone depletion KEY TERMS

Not exact matches

Our results show that continued sustained growth in its concentration could substantially delay recovery of the ozone layer, offsetting some of the future benefits of the Montreal Protocol.»

Notably, Terada and his colleagues say, previous studies have shown that the overall proportions of oxygen isotopes in the ozone layer also are skewed toward above - average concentrations of oxygen - 17 and oxygen - 18.

Simulations that don't include the effect of CH2Cl2 suggest that high - altitude ozone in the Antarctic will return to pre-1980 levels, the concentration measured before CFCs and other ozone - destroying chemicals were recognized as a problem, in 2065.

It would provide important insight into how much SRM would reduce radiative heating, the concentration of water vapor in the stratosphere, and the processes that determine water vapor transport — which affects the concentration of ozone.

First was an improvement in the computer processing that transforms raw satellite observations from the Dutch - Finnish Ozone Monitoring Instrument aboard NASA's Aura spacecraft into precise estimates of sulfur dioxide concentrations.

So Weschler and Wisthaler simulated a typical office environment at the Technical University of Denmark in Copenhagen — two people in a carpeted 28.5 — cubic meter room at a temperature of 23 degrees Celsius with two small stainless steel tables, two chairs, two flat - screen LCD monitors, two headsets, one walkie - talkie, one small mixing fan, a few books, two laptops, two bottles of water and ozone concentrations that reached roughly 32 parts per billion, an average exposure for a hot, smoggy day.

What happens to the ozone layer in the second half of the 21st century will largely depend on concentrations of CO2, methane and nitrous oxide — the three main long - lived greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

In this study in Timothy grass, researchers led by environmental health scientist Christine Rogers of the UMass Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences (SPHHS) determined the interactive effects of CO2 and ozone at projected higher levels on pollen production and concentrations of a Timothy grass pollen protein that is a major human allergeIn this study in Timothy grass, researchers led by environmental health scientist Christine Rogers of the UMass Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences (SPHHS) determined the interactive effects of CO2 and ozone at projected higher levels on pollen production and concentrations of a Timothy grass pollen protein that is a major human allergein Timothy grass, researchers led by environmental health scientist Christine Rogers of the UMass Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences (SPHHS) determined the interactive effects of CO2 and ozone at projected higher levels on pollen production and concentrations of a Timothy grass pollen protein that is a major human allergen.

Earth System Threshold Measure Boundary Current Level Preindustrial Climate Change CO2 Concentration 350 ppm 387 ppm 280 ppm Biodiversity Loss Extinction Rate 10 pm > 100 pm * 0.1 - one pm Nitrogen Cycle N2 Tonnage 35 mmt ** 121 mmt 0 Phosphorous Cycle Level in Ocean 11 mmt 8.5 - 9.5 mmt — 1 mmt Ozone Layer O3 Concentration 276 DU # 283 DU 290 DU Ocean Acidification Aragonite ^ ^ Levels 2.75 2.90 3.44 Freshwater Usage Consumption 4,000 km3 ^ 2,600 km3 415 km3 Land Use Change Cropland Conversion 15 km3 11.7 km3 Low Aerosols Soot Concentration TBD TBD TBD Chemical Pollution TBD TBD TBD TBD * pm = per million ** mmt = millions of metric tons #DU = dobson unit ^ km3 = cubic kilometers ^ ^ Aragonite is a form of calcium carbonate.

IN 1957, I invented a device that can sniff out poisonous pesticides and ozone - eating compounds at concentrations of just one part per trillion.

Tropospheric ozone — a greenhouse gas and the kind that affects the air we breathe — can increase in concentration because of atmospheric conditions, or can result from human activities.

In their study, the researchers used an ensemble of climate models to simulate the concentrations of ozone and PM2.5 in the years 2000 and 185In their study, the researchers used an ensemble of climate models to simulate the concentrations of ozone and PM2.5 in the years 2000 and 185in the years 2000 and 1850.

In addition, he says, since CFCs are not particularly soluble in water, they would not be present in cloud - born ice particles in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone levelIn addition, he says, since CFCs are not particularly soluble in water, they would not be present in cloud - born ice particles in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone levelin water, they would not be present in cloud - born ice particles in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone levelin cloud - born ice particles in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone levelin very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone levels.

Gary Cohen, president and founder of the Massachusetts - based nonprofit Health Care Without Harm, said in a telephone interview that the risks of climate change to both the health of U.S. citizens and the U.S. health care delivery system is profound, particularly in urban areas, where warming average temperatures are exacerbated by the heat island effect and high concentrations of other air pollution like ozone and particulate matter.

The concentration of pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) represents one key factor in ozone destruction, but weather conditions impact the hole as well.

Although the Montreal Protocol came into force in 1987 and restricted the use of ozone - depleting substances, atmospheric concentrations of these harmful substances continued to rise as they can survive in the atmosphere for many years.

The region between 45 degrees N and 65 degrees N saw the lowest ever concentrations of total atmospheric ozone over the three continental regions of North America, Europe and Siberia in the winter - spring months of 1992 and 1993.

NASA's upper atmosphere research satellite, for example, carries the British - made microwave limb sounder (MLS) which measures concentrations of chlorine monoxide — a chemical that plays a critical part in the destruction of ozone.

The device would have measured ozone concentration, gases involved in ozone depletion, and aerosols such as those from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.

According to Ulrich Schumann of the DLR, who organised last week's colloquium, NOx concentrations at middle latitudes in the upper troposphere may have doubled in recent years, and the air lanes over the North Atlantic and Europe have around 20 per cent more ozone than other areas.

Even though open windows bring in more ozone from outside, the reduction in the indoor limonene concentration and SOA formation strength more than make up for it, as less secondary organic aerosol is formed inside.

By adjusting elements of the test, such as the air exchange rate, which is the number of times per hour indoor air is replaced by outdoor air, as well as the concentrations of terpene and ozone in the chamber, the group was able to ascertain how those variables each affected the formation of secondary organic aerosols.

Ammonia is an abundant constituent in motor vehicle emissions, and its conversion to nitrogen oxides could result in increases in harmful ozone concentrations.

Sicard, P, Serra, R and Rosello, P 2016 Spatiotemporal trends in ground - level ozone concentrations and metrics in France over the time period 1999 — 2012.

The full set of health metrics have been detailed in TOAR - Metrics, and are organised according to the range of the ozone distribution to which they correspond, specifically: high ozone concentrations, high and mid-level ozone concentrations and ozone concentrations from across the distribution.

Wang, T, Xue, L, Brimblecombe, P, Lam, YF, Li, L and Zhang, L 2017 Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects.

«Wave patterns in the images, revealed by UV absorption from ozone concentrations, are critical to understanding the wind patterns, giving scientists an additional means to study the chemistry and global circulation of the atmosphere,» writes NASA.

In fact the average concentration of ozone is everywhere lower than the value that used to define the present ozone hole.

The Pallas research infrastructure has been extensively instrumented for modern and versatile monitoring of the environment since the start of continuous monitoring of atmospheric sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations at Sammaltunturi in September 1991, and with the setup of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station in 1994.

• increases in malnutrition and consequent disorders, with implications for child growth and development; • increased deaths, disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts; • the increased burden of diarrheal disease; • the increased frequency of cardio - respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground - level ozone related to climate change; and, • the altered spatial distribution of some infectious disease vectors.

There are a large number of recent peer - reviewed scientific publications demonstrating how solar activity can affect our climate (Benestad, 2002), such as how changes in the UV radiation following the solar activity affect the stratospheric ozone concentrations (1999) and how earth's temperatures respond to changes in the total solar irradiance (Meehl, 2003).

Given that CFC concentrations in the atmos have largely stabalised, I would suppose that ozone too should stabalise.

This line from the abstract of an important paper in Science papers in 1974 says much: «Calculations indicate that chlorofluoromethanes produced by man can greatly affect the concentrations of stratospheric ozone in future decades.»

There is no doubt that it is upper troposphere cloud that responds to change in local temperature in turn related to periodic change in ozone concentration that is in turn associated with vortex activity at the poles.

Of course, though some of the flux up at the tropopause escapes directly to space, and some is absorbed by CO2 (over the whole stratosphere in the wings of the CO2 band, concentrated towards the base of the stratosphere for larger optical thicknesses), some is absorbed by ozone (with variable concentration), and some by water vapor.

«Above about 50 km in altitude, the ozone heating effect diminishes in importance because of falling ozone concentrations, and radiative cooling becomes relatively more important.