Statistical significance between the experiments and the control is tested using a student's t - test and significance is determined using resultant p values, where
a p value less than or equal to 0.05 allows rejecting the null hypothesis that the differences should be zero.
A P value less than 0.05 was regarded as significant.
The MERRA and ERA Interim reanalyses show upward trends of around 2 m / s per decade in the region where Pam formed, while NCEP's trend is closer to 3 m / s per decade; all these trends have
p values less than 0.1.
(White areas represent
p values less than 0.1.
p values less than 0.05 indicated by the bold font
Not exact matches
Finding
value stocks — stocks that trade for
less than what their book
values suggest they should, or stocks with low
P / E ratios and other metrics — is one way to find stocks with potential.
Good luck finding someone who has a clutch performance different than their overall stats with a
p -
value less than 0.05.
We will regard heterogeneity as moderate if the I ² is greater than 30 % and either the Tau ² was greater than zero, or there was a low
P value (
less than 0.10) in the Chi ² test for heterogeneity.
For example, in Table 1, a
p value that is
less than 0.05 divided by 12 (12 comparisons) or 0.004 is considered statistically significant.
A
p -
value of
less than 0.05 was considered significant.
We regarded heterogeneity as substantial if I ² was greater than 30 % and either Tau ² was greater than zero, or there was a low
P value (
less than 0.10) in the Chi ² test for heterogeneity.
A
P value of
less than.05 should be labeled as merely «suggestive,» they say, not significant.
Which in turn drives researchers to finagle their data to get a
P value of
less than.05.
For example, if
p (1),
p (2),
p (3),... denotes the sequence of all primes, are there infinitely many
values of n for which
p (n + 1)--
p (n) is
less than 10, say, or
less than 100?
Ioannidis and his team found that practically the only
p -
values reported in abstracts were those defined somewhat arbitrarily as «statistically significant» — a number typically set at
less than 0.05.
For retention block 4, we compared the median latency and median excess path length for navigation to store locations that had been learned while stimulation was applied with those learned in the absence of stimulation during blocks 1, 2, and 3, using the Wilcoxon signed - rank test, with a
P value of
less than 0.05 considered to indicate statistical significance.
A
P value of
less than 0.0083 was considered significant (Table 1).
All but one of the GWAS regions (PAX7) showed evidence of association with
p -
values less than 10 - 5.
Genes were considered to be differentially expressed if they had an adjusted
p -
value of 0.05 or
less (equivalent to a false discovery rate of 5 %).
Price / book (or
P / B) ratio is calculated by dividing the market price of a company's outstanding stock by its book
value (total assets of a company
less liabilities) and then adjusting for the number of shares outstanding.
In order to qualify, stocks must have both a market cap greater than half of peers (today this
value is greater than $ 3.2 billion) and trailing
P / E in the bottom 2/3 of all U.S. stocks (that
value today is
less than 26.8).
I prefer
P / B because book
value is
less easy to change than earnings.
The one with more debt will likely have a lower
P / E
value than the one with
less debt.
If a company is trading for
less than its book
value (or has a
P / B
less than one), it normally tells investors one of two things: Either the market believes the asset
value is overstated, or the company is earning a very poor (even negative) return on its assets.
A
P / B ratio analysis fits nicely into an overall
value investing approach, since a foundational belief of this strategy is that the market is inefficient and at any given time, there are firms trading for significantly
less than their actual worth.
However, contrarian trading strategies tend to be driven more by market sentiment factors than are
value investing strategies, and to rely
less on specific fundamental analysis metrics such as the
P / B ratio.
P / E10 = 15 When I enter
P / E10 = 15 and a TIPS interest rate of 2.0 % or
less and a Terminal
Value percentage from 0 % to 100 %, all optimal fixed stock allocations equal 80 %.
Second, I stick to stocks with low price - to - book -
value ratios (
P / B), because they offer investors a discount to the
value of their assets
less their liabilities.
In contrast, the aggregate measure indicates that profitability is trading very near its historical norms of relative valuation, perhaps explained by low
P / B
value stocks having far
less profitability than they have historically.
Both the gross profitability and simple
value B /
P factors provide an interesting conundrum, appearing stretched on one measure of valuation but
less so on the other.
Predictive
Value: Sorting US stocks by
P / E percentile shows that the lowest
P / E class earned 16 % on average, while the highest
P / E class earned
less than 9 %.
A strategy favoring high B /
P companies may favor
less profitable companies, increasing investor exposure to «
value traps» — those companies that look cheap on their way to zero!
PS — What foes of SFAS 157 are unwilling to admit, is that lenders lent money near the peak of an amazing bull market, and now the collateral
values lent against are far
less than imagined at the time of lending.
A
P / B Ratio of
less than one can signal that a company is undervalued, or that the
value of its assets minus liabilities is currently worth more than the share price.
This would seem to somewhat explain mean reversion of stock prices of low
p / b
value firms (once Mr. Market realizes he can pay
less for income - generating assets), but doesn't explain earnings growth.
Meanwhile, the stocks in the highest quintile, those with an average market price to book
value ratio of 3.42 and an average earnings yield of 0.147 (a
P / E of 6.8), returned 1.3 %
less than the market index over the four years after portfolio formation.
As a general rule, the lower the
p / e, the better, and generally a
p / e of
less than 10 represents
value.
An rationale for the
P / S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally
less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book
value.
what
value would investing in
PS + have when the
PS4 launch is
less than a year away?
While the historical data in the South Pacific region show a highly significant upward trend in the incidence of high intensity events, the satellite - based record shows a
less prominent and significant trend of 2.5 m / s per decade with a
p value of 0.09.
The near future is
less conclusive with regard to winter
P, with many locations including southern and central Europe, Iran, and Kazakhstan showing nearly even chances for increased or decreased
P over the next 30 years, and most regions showing
values between 35 and 65 % (Fig. 10b).
In fact, the
p -
value for getting 6 heads in a row is only 1/128, much
less than 1 %.
Regional correlations were obtained by averaging correlation coefficients which exhibit
p -
values less than 0.05, for land, ocean, and total field domains.
Regions not satisfying a
p -
value less than.05 were standardized to r = 0.
(These two correlation coefficients show a strong significant difference in a two - tailed test with a
p -
value of
less than 0.03.)
Average δ13C - CH4
values of dissolved methane in shallow groundwater were significantly
less negative for active than for nonactive sites -LRB--37 ± 7 ‰ and -54 ± 11 ‰, respectively;
P < 0.0001).
It takes
less greenhouse effect to keep out of the Snowball now than it did when the Sun was fainter, but the threshold for initiatiing a Snowball in modern conditions is disconcertingly close to the
value of
p -LCB- rad -RCB- which reproduces the present climate.
If we set the probability of Type I error to 5 percent, then regression results with a
p -
value of
less than 0.05 would be sufficient to reject the null hypothesis of no relationship.
The investigators would have been notified of the results prior to completion of the study only if a difference in pregnancy rates or STI rates with a critical
P value of
less than or equal to.001 was observed between either the pharmacy access group or the advance provision group compared with the clinic access group.
We used 2 - sided
P values of
less than.05 as the criterion for statistically significant differences.