Second, it examines the associations with
parental feeding practices, measured with the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ).
The overall aim of this study was to present a comprehensive model of associations between parental perceptions of child eating behaviors among preschoolers and
parental feeding practices, adjusting for potentially important predictors.
This study aims to examine associations between parental perceptions of preschoolers» eating behaviors and
parental feeding practices.
Parental confidence in handling child eating behaviors related to obesity [64, 65] was used as a predictor of
parental feeding practices in the model.
However, links between children's eating behaviors and
parental feeding practices and concerns have yet to be established.
Links between child eating behavior and
parental feeding practices, therefore, have been the focus of several research studies [1, 8 — 10]; however, the clinical implications of these links remain unclear.
Previous attempts to create and validate self - report measures of
parental feeding practices have provided a good start to the measurement of this important parental behavior.
Parental response to hunger / satiety clues is assessed with the Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire: Satiety subscale, 165 designed to assess
parental feeding practices.
For an excellent review of
parental feeding practices and their relationship to child overeating and overweight, see Faith, Scanlon, Birch, Francis, & Sherry (2004).
One measurement approach for examining
parental feeding practices has been behavioral observations of parent — child interactions during mealtime (Drucker, Hammer, Agras, & Bryson, 1999; Iannotti, O'Brien, & Spillman, 1994; Klesges et al., 1983; Koivisto, Fellenius, & Sjoden, 1994; McKenzie et al., 1991; Orrell - Valente, Hill, Brechwald, Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 2007).
A small number of studies have examined the longitudinal impact of
parental feeding practices on child eating behaviour and weight.
The development of a comprehensive, valid and reliable tool to measure
parental feeding practices opens up many possible research directions.
This brief review of relationships between
parental feeding practices, child eating behaviour and child BMI has highlighted the need for more prospective research in this area.
Differences may be physiological (e.g., metabolism), behavioural (e.g. responsiveness to food) or environmental (e.g.,
parental feeding practices).
The parental feeding practice that is most often examined is parental use of restriction or control of the child's food intake (Faith et al., 2003; Fisher & Birch, 1999; Robinson, Kiernan, Matheson, & Haydel, 2001).
Not exact matches
API organizes sensitive responsiveness parenting
practices into eight principal areas: preparing for pregnancy, childbirth and parenting;
feeding; responding; touch; sleep; caregiving environment; discipline; and
parental balance.
Other
feeding practices, such as using food as a reward,
parental monitoring of children's food consumption, teaching children about healthy eating,
parental modeling of healthy habits, or allowing children control over
feeding have been less studied, but may be important in the parent — child
feeding relationship.
Additionally,
parental responses were coded to ascertain the extent to which parents spontaneously named the existing CFPQ factors allowing for better understanding of the centrality of these
feeding practices in the minds of parents.
In the second study, open - ended questions solicited
feeding practices from parents to develop a more comprehensive measure of
parental feeding.
Parental use of restrictive
feeding practices and child BMI z - score.
This parent - report measure consists of five subscales that tap
parental control
practices and attitudes in child
feeding.87 In this study, we use the satiety subscale.
For example,
parental modeling of healthy foods is an effective
feeding practice (Hendy & Raudenbush, 2000; Lee & Birch, 2002), yet this construct is not incorporated into previous self - report measures of
parental feeding.
The role of child temperament in
parental child
feeding practices and attitudes using a sibling design.
API organizes sensitive responsiveness parenting
practices into eight principal areas: preparing for pregnancy, childbirth and parenting;
feeding; responding; touch; sleep; caregiving environment; discipline; and
parental balance.
Currently, in the
parental feeding literature, the construct of restriction is thought to represent a variety of
practices used to limit children's intake of foods, including controlling the type and quantity of foods that children are offered, when these foods are offered, etc (2, 3).
In addition, several studies have examined
parental cognitions, such as concern for child weight, as mediators for
feeding practices (e.g., restrictive or pressuring
feeding practices increase only when parents become concerned about their children's weights)[38, 42 — 44].
Together, the findings suggest that
parental perception of children's small appetites is closely associated to the use of pressure to eat, while
parental concern about children's overweight is closely associated with restrictive
feeding practices.
High levels of
parental restrictive
feeding practices can be counterproductive.
In this sample, Concern was not only strongly associated with a parent's perceptions of the child's high level of Food approach, but also mediated most of the association between children's Food approach and
parental restrictive
feeding practices.
Differences in the extent and expression of
parental concern may reflect cultural background, child and
parental gender, age and socio - economic status; the same factors may influence the use of restrictive, monitoring, or pressuring
feeding practices [54 — 60].