It should be noted, though, that
parental presence during youth activities was not assessed and parental gathering of information from persons other than the youth was assessed with a single item.
During the prenatal and infant periods, families have been identified on the basis of socioeconomic risk (
parental education, income, age8, 11) and / or other family (e.g. maternal depression) or child (e.g. prematurity and low birth weight12) risks; whereas with preschoolers a greater emphasis has been placed on the
presence of child disruptive behaviour, delays in language / cognitive impairment and / or more pervasive developmental delays.6 With an increased emphasis on families from lower socioeconomic strata, who typically face multiple types of adversity (e.g. low
parental educational attainment and work skills, poor housing, low social support, dangerous neighbourhoods), many parenting programs have incorporated components that provide support for parents» self - care (e.g. depression, birth - control planning), marital functioning and / or economic self - sufficiency (e.g. improving educational, occupational and housing resources).8, 13,14 This trend to broaden the scope of «parenting» programs mirrors recent findings on early predictors of low - income children's social and emotional skills.
For children with early emotion dysregulation, however, increased risk for mood dysregulation characterized by anger, dysphoric mood, and suicidality — possibly indicative of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder — emerges only in the
presence of low
parental warmth and / or peer rejection
during middle childhood.