Sentences with phrase «parents about the health risks»

Not exact matches

But the explosion of vaping has raised grave concerns about the fate of tobacco makers like Marlboro parent Altria and Philip Morris International, which owns the international rights to Altria's brands, despite lingering questions about the health risks of vaping.

Gov. Christie has expressed concern about this bill's effects on how parents raise their children, but said that research has made it clear that this sort of therapy poses «critical health risks including, but not limited to, depression, substance abuse, social withdrawal, decreased self - esteem and suicidal thoughts.»

Because studies show that one - off concussion education isn't enough to change concussion symptom reporting behavior, Step Three in the SmartTeams Play SafeTM #TeamUp4 ConcussionSafetyTM game plan calls for coaches, athletes, athletic trainers, team doctors (and, at the youth and high school level, parents) to attend a mandatoryconcussion safety meeting before every sports season to learn in detail about the importance of immediate concussion symptom reporting, not just in minimizing the risks concussions pose to an athlete's short - and long - term health, but in increasing the chances for individual and team success.

The Pennsylvania Departments of Public Health and Education must develop and post on their websites guidelines and other relevant materials to inform and educate students, parents, and coaches about concussions, the nature and risk of concussion and traumatic brain injury (TBI), including the risks of continuing to play or practice after a concussion or TBI.

Understandably, parents are concerned about infant formula being exposed to these procedures, and their possibly detrimental health risks.

It also requires the Department of Health to develop a training program and educational materials about the nature and risks of concussions that must be distributed to athletes and the parent or guardian of the athlete prior to their participation in athletic activity.

Concussion and Sports - Related Head Injury: SB 200 (2011) requires the Department of Health and the Department of Education to develop and post on their website guidelines and other relevant materials to inform and educate students participating in or desiring to participate in an athletic activity, their parents and coaches, about the nature and risk of concussion and traumatic brain injury.

In the end, it all comes back to education: In the ideal world, a parent's decision about whether to allow a child to start playing or continue playing collision sports before high school under current rules of play (which are evolving in the direction of safety, fortunately, as seen, for instance, in USA Hockey's ban on body checking at the Pee Wee hockey level and below, and limits on full - contact practices instituted at every level of football, from Pop Warner, to high school, college, and the NFL), will be a conscious one; a decision in which the risks of participating in a particular sport - provided it is based on the most up - to - date information about those risks and a consideration of other risk factors that might come into play for their child, such as pre-existing learning disabilities (e.g. ADHD), chronic health conditions (e.g., a history of history of multiple concussions or seizures, history of migraines), or a reckless and overly aggressive style of play - are balanced against the benefits to the child of participating.

While most parents have sugar on their radar because they've heard about the negative health effects of eating too much sugar, such as increased risk of obesity and diabetes, they may not be aware that many kids are reportedly getting an unhealthy amount of salt in their diets.

Concerns about possible health risks associated with supine sleep have limited the degree to which some health care providers advocate and some parents comply with Back to Sleep recommendations.

By denying parents information on best practices about ways they can reduce risks while bedsharing in addition to encouraging them not to bedshare, the public health community potentially shares responsibility for the continued SIDS cases in bedsharing.

To try to reduce the risk of SIDS and help ease parents» minds about their baby's health and well - being during sleep, many different types of sleep monitors and safety products have been introduced and made available for parents to purchase.

Over the past several years, fluctuating advice regarding the relative risks associated with bed - sharing, and a certain amount of media scaremongering, has prompted NHS trusts to remove bedsharing information from patient areas and introduce restrictive policies on what health professionals can say to parents about where their new baby might sleep.

With stories in the media about authority figures such as volunteers, officials, parents and schools stopping people from taking risks because they fear legal liability or being tied up in red - tape, there is a perception that health and safety has become a barrier to our lives.

A number of other factors increased the risk of adolescent lifetime smoking and nicotine dependence, including parent education, marital status, quality of parenting, and adolescent beliefs about the risk of smoking, perceptions of schoolmates» smoking, marijuana use, and mental health.

Many parents talk about rumored health risks from immunizations or their negative view of the pharmaceutical industry, for instance, but those may not be the true reasons, says psychologist Stephan Lewandowsky of the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom.

For their study, Mello and Hornik first examined 2,543 news items about pediatric environmental health risks reported through parenting magazines, websites, and other news sources from September 2012 to February 2013.

Because the state requires parental consent for children under 18 to receive the HPV vaccination, Arizona State University College of Nursing and Health Innovation Associate Professor Angela Chen and colleagues designed a computer - based intervention program to educate parents about the virus and the risks associated with it, all while they sit in a waiting room.

Before each school year begins, classroom teachers and the school nurse from McIlvaine Early Childhood Center visit the homes of incoming students to identify potential health risks to students and talk with parents about how they can help their children be successful in their new classes.

«Everything You Should Know About Ergonomics and Youths, But Were Afraid to Ask,» an article I co-authored that was published by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), described actions that teachers and parents can take to minimize health risks associated with kids» computer use.

Informational: NHTSA has taken the lead with a national effort to educate parents, caretakers, public health professionals and the general public about the risks associated with heatstroke, and will continue to need the support of partners to push out messages and host events to keep the issue in front of the public.

A responsible breeder will be knowledgeable about the health risks these breeds face and will have health tested both parents before breeding.

Most life insurance applications will have extensive questions about your health, your lifestyle, whether or not you smoke, and even your parent's health history as a way to determine the kind of risk you pose to the insurance company.

In 2010, more than 1 in 5 children were reported to be living in poverty.6, 10 Economic disadvantage is among the most potent risks for behavioral and emotional problems due to increased exposure to environmental, familial, and psychosocial risks.11 — 13 In families in which parents are in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a risk factor for behavioral and emotional problems in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experiHealth demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experihealth outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experihealth.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experiences.

Membership in a single - parent family or stepfamily is associated with increased levels of significant behavioral, emotional, and academic problems in children.1, 2 The mechanisms underlying this connection are likely to involve, among other factors, financial adversity, increased stress directly related to family transitions, and increased exposure to additional psychosocial risks.3, 4 Compared with the extensive research base connecting family type (ie, membership in a 2 - parent biological family, stepfamily, or single - parent family) and children's psychological adjustment, little is known about the physical health consequences of membership in diverse family types.

Several of the most commonly identified risk factors in previous research were identified in this study, including being male, membership in a single - parent or stepfamily, 5 high levels of parent - reported childhood activity, 23,24 maternal mental health problems, 25 and a history of teenage parenthood.26 What is relatively novel about this report is the consideration of the joint effects of psychosocial risk factors, while controlling for multiple indicators of social class and the assessment of both accidents and illnesses in a large community sample followed prospectively since pregnancy.

It means that something about the child, parent or family is creating a risk of poor physical or mental health.

The program was designed for all families, not only those at risk for developmental and behavioral problems, recognizing that all parents have concerns and questions about their children's health, development, and behavior.

As in both cross-sectional regression analyses of smoking on parenting practices, communication about the health risks of breathing in smoke at T1 was related to lower levels on smoking initiation at T2, but only for girls (OR = 0.37, 95 % CI = 0.19 — 0.73, P < 0.01).

SIDS: «Back to Sleep» Campaign National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Campaign for reducing the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), this website provides information to parents about placing healthy babies on their backs to sleep.

This course is recommended for health care professionals, especially psychologists, counselors, social workers, and nurses who seek knowledge about parent - child interaction therapy and its application to work with at - risk families.

Parents and caregivers who are concerned about a child's disruptive behavior or defiance may wish to seek out a mental health professional, as therapy can often help treat ODD and may both prevent a child's behavior from worsening and reduce the risk that other mental health issues will develop.

3 THE EXTENT AND CHARACTER OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouHEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouHEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcRisk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouHealth measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouHealth measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcrisk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcrisk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative ouhealth outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcomes

Parents concerned about their children's mental health should seek treatment, since untreated psychiatric disorders can increase the risk of substance abuse.

Many families do not adhere to recommendations advanced by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) that infants be fed only breast milk or formula for the first 4 to 6 months of life.1 — 4 Although the health consequences associated with the early introduction of complementary foods are controversial, 5 — 8 there is evidence that early introduction of solid foods may increase infants» risk of enteric infections, allergic reactions, obesity, choking, and food aversion.9 — 13 Complementary foods are often high in protein, raising questions about the consequences of high protein intakes on growth and obesity.14 In addition, early complementary feeding does not increase the likelihood of nighttime sleeping15 and may increase the likelihood of feeding disorders, especially if parents introduce developmentally inappropriate food or feeding techniques before children have acquired the necessary neuromuscular skills.Health Organization (WHO) that infants be fed only breast milk or formula for the first 4 to 6 months of life.1 — 4 Although the health consequences associated with the early introduction of complementary foods are controversial, 5 — 8 there is evidence that early introduction of solid foods may increase infants» risk of enteric infections, allergic reactions, obesity, choking, and food aversion.9 — 13 Complementary foods are often high in protein, raising questions about the consequences of high protein intakes on growth and obesity.14 In addition, early complementary feeding does not increase the likelihood of nighttime sleeping15 and may increase the likelihood of feeding disorders, especially if parents introduce developmentally inappropriate food or feeding techniques before children have acquired the necessary neuromuscular skills.health consequences associated with the early introduction of complementary foods are controversial, 5 — 8 there is evidence that early introduction of solid foods may increase infants» risk of enteric infections, allergic reactions, obesity, choking, and food aversion.9 — 13 Complementary foods are often high in protein, raising questions about the consequences of high protein intakes on growth and obesity.14 In addition, early complementary feeding does not increase the likelihood of nighttime sleeping15 and may increase the likelihood of feeding disorders, especially if parents introduce developmentally inappropriate food or feeding techniques before children have acquired the necessary neuromuscular skills.16, 17

The program will increase the school community's mental health awareness and literacy, which serves as a prevention tool for the community regarding adolescent depression; offer two - level screening to students in one middle school and two high school grades, including universal, self - report screening for all students, followed by in - depth interviews with students who screen as high risk; and communicate with Holliston parents / guardians about youth depression and resources, provide more significant follow - up (both immediate and long - term) with parents / guardians of high - risk teens, and provide all school families with access to the Interface Referral Network.

Our findings support a family systems risk model14 that explains children's cognitive, social and emotional development using information about five kinds of family risk or protective factors: (1) Each family member's level of adaptation, self - perceptions, mental health and psychological distress; (2) The quality of both mother - child and father - child relationships; (3) The quality of the relationship between the parents, including communication styles, conflict resolution, problem - solving styles and emotion regulation; (4) Patterns of both couple and parent - child relationships transmitted across the generations; and (5) The balance between life stressors and social supports outside the immediate family.

This work has recently been extended by the adoption of a public health model for the delivery of parenting support with parents of younger children.9, 11,40 Various epidemiological surveys show that most parents concerned about their children's behaviour or adjustment do not receive professional assistance for these problems, and when they do, they typically consult family doctors or teachers who rarely have specialized training in parent consultation skills.10 Most of the family - based programmes targeting adolescents are only available to selective subpopulations of adolescents (those who have identified risk factors) and / or indicated subgroups of youth (those who already possess negative symptoms or detectable problems).