Nickel — air pollution from combustion of fossil fuels, batteries, baking powder, coins, cosmetics, dental restorations and orthodontics, electroplating, hydrogenated
vegetable oils (
shortening, Crisco, fast food, margarine, processed foods, imitation whipped cream, interisterified fats, partially hydrogenated fats), nickel - plated jewelry, nickel - plated machine
parts and tools, electroplating, welding, prostheses (like hip, knee, cochlear and cardiac implants), spark plugs, stainless steel cookware and utensils, cardiac stents, soil, tobacco smoke, water, rooibos tea and red teas, occupational exposure