Pending the pet's the overall health status and the likelihood of exposure to
a particular infectious organism, owners should ask their veterinarians to perform titers (antibody levels) before a subsequent vaccine administration occurs.Distemper, parvovirus, and rabies vaccinations produce antibodies that can be detected through a simple blood test.
He has
particular interests in (1) the use of ancient DNA methods to document changes in genetic variation through time and phylogenetic relationships of extinct or endangered
organisms (especially of the recently extinct Hawaiian avifauna); (2) the use of highly variable genetic markers to measure genetic structure and relatedness, and to ascertain mating systems, in natural populations, and (3) the use of genetics to study the evolutionary interactions between hosts, vectors and
infectious disease
organisms (e.g., major projects on introduced avian malaria in native Hawaiian birds and invasive chytrid fungus in amphibians).