Not exact matches
Credit is growing more slowly than it has in the
past but not because the financial system has become more
efficient but simply because debt levels have become too high,
causing regulators to force down the growth in credit without seriously improving the efficiency of the financial sector.
In what sense are the
past occasions
efficient causes of the new, particular occasion?
However, since they condition it through their immanence in it, this second sense of
efficient causation presupposes the first — namely, that the
past occasions are
efficient causes of the new occasion because, as data, they are included in, and hence are constituents of, it.
The
past operates on the present with the force of necessity as
efficient cause.
If all (
efficient)
causes are
past, as
past they are also objective.
Second, the reproduction of the
past in the present through
efficient cause is an important element in the regularities described in laws which are so important for science, technology, methodology, scholarship, and speculation (AI 139).
Even this coercive, persuasion does not cut off the expression of
past responsible freedom carried by determined
efficient cause.
In other words, the
past actual entities, precisely» as included in the new actual entity; are the
efficient causes of the initial set of characteristics of the new entity.
Human introspection is hardly capable of identifying all the
efficient causes of a
past feeling, let alone weighing the power of each relative to each other and to that feeling's final causality; God in turn would seem to have no impartial information or standards by which to conduct such comparative weighings with perfect precision.
This is Whitehead's explanation of the capacity of
past actual entities to continue to «function» as
efficient causes (that is, as
causing the appearance of certain characteristics in the transcendent future).
Therefore, this potentiality for integration into future actual entities — that is, this capacity to be an
efficient cause — while essential to those future actual entities, does not affect that
past actuality itself.
If the many
past actual entities are dominated, for example, by anger, then those
past entities become the
efficient causes of the appearance of anger in the new actual entity.
It is this stubborn factuality that makes it possible for these
past entities to be included in the future actual entities and, thereby, for these
past actual entities to function as
efficient causes of certain aspects of those future actual entities.
Although we differ on at least one point in the interpretation of Whitehead's philosophy (he holds the system to require that God acts efficiently by mediating to present events finite
efficient causes derived from the
past), I do not see how his God acts coercively in any of the senses outlined in the previous chapter.
Modern physical and biological sciences have replaced the former reliance on divine or teleological explanations of natural phenomena by its current emphasis on
efficient or proximal
causes which depend entirely on a deterministic chain of
past events.
11 In what appears to be a later insertion, Whitehead reflects on this contrast: «Concrescence moves towards its final
cause, which is its subjective aim; transition is the vehicle of
efficient cause, which is the immortal
past» (PR 210/321).
Instead of an active transition, as in the Giffords draft,
past occasions, which have perished in terms of their immediacy to be mere objectifications, are here identified as the
efficient causes.
Concerns about global warming and oil's imminent demise have
caused scientists and policy - makers to look for solutions in both the future and the
past: to new technologies such as nuclear fusion, multijunction photovoltaics, and fuel cells — and to traditional energy sources such as water power, wind power, and (sustainable) biomass cultivation (coupled with clean and energy -
efficient combustion).