Chris Barratt, an expert in sperm biology from the University of Birmingham, says that as
paternal age increases the number of errors at each of the sperm production «checkpoints» increases.
Not exact matches
Though research suggests that the
paternal -
age effect is most significant for fathers over 40, younger fathers may also face an
increased risk, possibly because spermatogenesis in very young fathers is more likely to result in the same mutations seen in older fathers.
The researchers said that advanced
paternal age, as they call it, has also been linked to an
increased risk of birth defects, cleft lip and palate, water on the brain, dwarfism, miscarriage and «decreased intellectual capacity.»
These imprinting defects may give rise to the
increased risk of schizophrenia, autism and perhaps some of the other ailments related to
paternal age.
The study found that the odds of developing schizophrenia
increased by 30 percent for each 10 - year
increase in
paternal age.
In addition, we performed a supplemental analysis to rule out the possibility that
paternal problems in reciprocal social behavior, which were assessed during mid-pregnancy, simultaneously with maternal problems in reciprocal social behavior,
increased the risk for infantile aggression at 18 months of
age.
Advancing maternal and
paternal age are associated with
increased risk of miscarriage.
There is ample empirical evidence that maternal and
paternal controlling behavior in general is related to an
increase in disruptive behavior in children of different
ages (see meta - analyses [19], [25]-RRB-.
Several smaller studies have investigated the relationship of
paternal and child mental health, and they have reported related findings among children of different
ages than those in the study reported in this article.14, — , 21 One study found an association between
paternal depression and excessive infant crying.45 Another study found that children
aged 9 to 24 months with depressed fathers are more likely to show speech and language delays, 19,21 whereas another study reported that children
aged 2 years with depressed fathers tended to be less compliant with parental guidance.17 Among children
aged 4 to 6 years,
paternal depression has been found to be associated with
increases in problems with prosocial behaviors and peer problems.15 Only 1 other study we are aware of was population based; it was from England and investigated related issues among much younger children, 23 demonstrating that both maternal and
paternal depressive symptoms predicted
increased child mood and emotional problems at 6 and 24 months of
age.
At child
age 5, higher levels of
paternal depression and anxiety
increased the effect of low effortful control on ODD.