Second, even though we assessed parental ADHD and parental psychopathology, we did not specifically assess
paternal antisocial personality disorder or maternal stress, which both have been found to be related to the development of antisocial behaviour disorders [33].
The goal of this study was to determine whether COAs are characterized by more behavioural problems than non-COAs, and also to determine the influence of
a paternal antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in this context.
Among ADHD girls, childhood - onset (< 12 years) CD was predicted by
paternal antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), while adolescent - onset CD (⩾ 12 years) was predicted by family conflict.